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Pathophysiology > Exam 1-Patho: Chamberlain University > Flashcards

Exam 1-Patho: Chamberlain University Flashcards

1
Q

Warning Signs of Cancer

A
  • Unusual bleeding or discharge anywhere in the body
  • Change in bowel or bladder habits
  • A change in a wart or mole
  • A sore that does not heal
  • Unexplained weight loss
  • Persistent fatigue
  • Persistent cough or hoarseness
  • Solid lump anywhere on the body
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2
Q

MANIFESTATIONS OF MALIGNANT TUMORS

A

Local: Pain, Obstruction, Tissue necrosis/ulceration
Systemic: Weight loss & cachexia, Anemia, Severe fatigue, Infections, Bleeding, Paraneoplastic syndrome

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3
Q

Diagnostic Tests for Cancer

A

Blood Tests
Tumor Markers
Imaging
Cytologic Tests

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4
Q

Three Hormones that Maintain Fluid Balance

A

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
Aldosterone
Antidiuretic Hormone

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5
Q

Hypertrophy

A

cells in an organ or tissue increase in size

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6
Q

Hyperplasia

A

cells in an organ or tissue increase in number

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7
Q

Hypoxia

A

less than normal oxygenation,

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8
Q

Ischemia

A

a part of your body is not getting enough blood, or oxygen

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9
Q

Hypoxemia

A

having low oxygen levels in your blood

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10
Q

Apoptosis

A

programmed cell death

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11
Q

Necrosis

A

Can be caused by extreme cold or hot temps or infection, and ischemia
irreversible cell injury and death of an organ or tissue

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12
Q

Gangrene

A

severe necrosis with infection

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13
Q

Metaplasia

A

when one mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type

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14
Q

Dysplasia

A

weird shapes and large number of immature cells, maybe cancerous

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15
Q

Neoplasia

A

cells that represent a new growth of a tumor

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16
Q

Manifestations of Fluid Excess

A 
Dyspnea
Decreased Lab Values 
Increased urine output
High blood pressure
Bounding pulse
JVD
Edema
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17
Q

Causes of Fluid Excess

A 
Kidney Failure
Liver Failure
Heart Failure
Increased sodium intake
IV Fluids
Blood Transfusions
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18
Q

Causes of Edema

A

Increased Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure
Decreased Capillary Osmotic Pressure
Increased Capillary Permeability
Obstruction of the Lymphatic Circulation

19
Q

Manifestations of Fluid Deficit

A 
Dry Mucous Membranes
Decreased Skin Turgor
Increased Lab Values
Decreased Urine Output
Low Blood Pressure
Tachycardia 
Confusion
20
Q

Hypercapnia

A

carbon dioxide levels in the blood increase (respiratory acidosis)

21
Q

Hyponatremia <135

A

Manifestations: Muscle Cramps, Weakness, Fatigue, Abdominal Cramps, Lethargy, Confusion, Seizures

22
Q

Hypernatremia >145

A

Signs of fluid deficit
Thirst
Headache, Agitation

23
Q

Hypokalemia <3.5

A

Manifestations: Muscle Fatigue, Cramps, Nausea, Vomiting, Constipation, Cardiac Dysrhythmias*

24
Q

Hyperkalemia >5.0

A

Muscle weakness, Paresthesias, Cardiac Dysrhythmias

25
Q

Hypocalcemia <8.5

A

Manifestations: Muscle twitching, Tetany, Paresthesias, Chvostek and Trousseau Sign, Cardiac Dysrhythmias

26
Q

Hypercalcemia >10.5

A

Manifestations: Muscle Weakness, Loss of muscle Tone, spontaneous fractures, kidney stones, cardiac dysrhythmias

27
Q

Paresthesias

A

pins and needles

28
Q

Hypomagnesemia <1.6

A

Manifestations: Tremors, Hyperreflexia, Insomnia

29
Q

Hypermagnesemia >2.5

A

Hyporeflexia, Lethargy, Respiratory depression

30
Q

Hyperreflexia/Hypo

A

Hyper=overactive or overresponsive reflexes Hypo= under responsive reflexes

31
Q

Defense Mechanisms

A

1st: nonspecific, skin
2nd: nonspecific, inflammation
3rd: specific, t-cells

32
Q

Role of Inflammation

A

Normal Defense Mechanism
Localizes and removes injurious agents
Warning Sign

33
Q

Causes of Inflammation

A 
Physical Damage
Caustic Chemicals
Ischemia or Infarction
Allergic Reactions 
Extreme Heat and Cold
Foreign Bodies
Infection
34
Q

Acute Inflammation Local Manifestations

A 
Redness
Warmth
Swelling
Pain 
Exudate
35
Q

Acute Inflammation Systemic Manifestations

A

Mild Fever
Malaise
Fatigue
Anorexia

36
Q

Superficial (1st degree)

A

sunburns

37
Q

Superficial Partial-Thickness Burns (2nd)

A

blister burns

38
Q

Deep Partial-Thickness

A

white skin

39
Q

Full Thickness Burns (3rd)

A

Charred skin, burnt

40
Q

Complications of Burns

A 
Respiratory Problems 
Shock
Infection 
Pain 
Metabolic Needs
41
Q

Complications of Scar Tissue

A 
Loss of Function
Contractures
Obstructions
Adhesions
Hypertrophic Scar Tissue 
Ulceration
42
Q

Nosocomial Infections

A

infections that occur in healthcare facilities

Most common Types: Pneumonia, UTI, Bloodstream infections, surgical site infections

43
Q

Stages of Infections Development

A

Incubation Period
Prodromal Period
Acute Period
Recovery Period

Pathophysiology (1 decks)

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