Exam 1-Patho: Chamberlain University Flashcards
Warning Signs of Cancer
- Unusual bleeding or discharge anywhere in the body
- Change in bowel or bladder habits
- A change in a wart or mole
- A sore that does not heal
- Unexplained weight loss
- Persistent fatigue
- Persistent cough or hoarseness
- Solid lump anywhere on the body
MANIFESTATIONS OF MALIGNANT TUMORS
Local: Pain, Obstruction, Tissue necrosis/ulceration
Systemic: Weight loss & cachexia, Anemia, Severe fatigue, Infections, Bleeding, Paraneoplastic syndrome
Diagnostic Tests for Cancer
Blood Tests
Tumor Markers
Imaging
Cytologic Tests
Three Hormones that Maintain Fluid Balance
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
Aldosterone
Antidiuretic Hormone
Hypertrophy
cells in an organ or tissue increase in size
Hyperplasia
cells in an organ or tissue increase in number
Hypoxia
less than normal oxygenation,
Ischemia
a part of your body is not getting enough blood, or oxygen
Hypoxemia
having low oxygen levels in your blood
Apoptosis
programmed cell death
Necrosis
Can be caused by extreme cold or hot temps or infection, and ischemia
irreversible cell injury and death of an organ or tissue
Gangrene
severe necrosis with infection
Metaplasia
when one mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type
Dysplasia
weird shapes and large number of immature cells, maybe cancerous
Neoplasia
cells that represent a new growth of a tumor
Manifestations of Fluid Excess
Dyspnea Decreased Lab Values Increased urine output High blood pressure Bounding pulse JVD Edema
Causes of Fluid Excess
Kidney Failure Liver Failure Heart Failure Increased sodium intake IV Fluids Blood Transfusions
Causes of Edema
Increased Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure
Decreased Capillary Osmotic Pressure
Increased Capillary Permeability
Obstruction of the Lymphatic Circulation
Manifestations of Fluid Deficit
Dry Mucous Membranes Decreased Skin Turgor Increased Lab Values Decreased Urine Output Low Blood Pressure Tachycardia Confusion
Hypercapnia
carbon dioxide levels in the blood increase (respiratory acidosis)
Hyponatremia <135
Manifestations: Muscle Cramps, Weakness, Fatigue, Abdominal Cramps, Lethargy, Confusion, Seizures
Hypernatremia >145
Signs of fluid deficit
Thirst
Headache, Agitation
Hypokalemia <3.5
Manifestations: Muscle Fatigue, Cramps, Nausea, Vomiting, Constipation, Cardiac Dysrhythmias*
Hyperkalemia >5.0
Muscle weakness, Paresthesias, Cardiac Dysrhythmias
Hypocalcemia <8.5
Manifestations: Muscle twitching, Tetany, Paresthesias, Chvostek and Trousseau Sign, Cardiac Dysrhythmias
Hypercalcemia >10.5
Manifestations: Muscle Weakness, Loss of muscle Tone, spontaneous fractures, kidney stones, cardiac dysrhythmias
Paresthesias
pins and needles
Hypomagnesemia <1.6
Manifestations: Tremors, Hyperreflexia, Insomnia
Hypermagnesemia >2.5
Hyporeflexia, Lethargy, Respiratory depression
Hyperreflexia/Hypo
Hyper=overactive or overresponsive reflexes Hypo= under responsive reflexes
Defense Mechanisms
1st: nonspecific, skin
2nd: nonspecific, inflammation
3rd: specific, t-cells
Role of Inflammation
Normal Defense Mechanism
Localizes and removes injurious agents
Warning Sign
Causes of Inflammation
Physical Damage Caustic Chemicals Ischemia or Infarction Allergic Reactions Extreme Heat and Cold Foreign Bodies Infection
Acute Inflammation Local Manifestations
Redness Warmth Swelling Pain Exudate
Acute Inflammation Systemic Manifestations
Mild Fever
Malaise
Fatigue
Anorexia
Superficial (1st degree)
sunburns
Superficial Partial-Thickness Burns (2nd)
blister burns
Deep Partial-Thickness
white skin
Full Thickness Burns (3rd)
Charred skin, burnt
Complications of Burns
Respiratory Problems Shock Infection Pain Metabolic Needs
Complications of Scar Tissue
Loss of Function Contractures Obstructions Adhesions Hypertrophic Scar Tissue Ulceration
Nosocomial Infections
infections that occur in healthcare facilities
Most common Types: Pneumonia, UTI, Bloodstream infections, surgical site infections
Stages of Infections Development
Incubation Period
Prodromal Period
Acute Period
Recovery Period
