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Microorganisms > Exam 1 - Part 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 - Part 1 Flashcards

Chapter 1 and 2 Evolution of Microorganisms and Microscopy

1
Q

Top causes of death in the US

A
  1. heart disease
  2. cancer
  3. stroke
  4. chronic lower respiratory diseases
  5. influenza and pneumonia
  6. septicemia (bloodstream infection)
    - top ten causes of death worldwide also include HIV, diarrheal diseases, and tuberculosis
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2
Q

Louis Pasteur

A
  • swan neck flask experiments
  • disproved theory of spontaneous generation
  • yeast fermentation to make alcohol
  • pasteurization
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3
Q

Robert Koch

A
  • etiology of anthrax
  • Koch’s postulates
  • still used today to establish the link between a particular organism and a particular disease
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4
Q

what was the first living creatures on planet earth?

A

microbes

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5
Q

what are the characteristics of microbes?

A
  • are more diverse than plants and animals
  • are more abundant than any other living thing
  • grow in every ecological niche on earth that has a source of liquid H20
  • can transform the geosphere
  • can affect the climate by production/use of CO2, N2, O2, and CH4
  • participate in symbiotic relationships with other organisms
  • only a small fraction of microbes causes diseases
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6
Q

what are diseases caused by microbes called?

A

infectious diseases

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7
Q

basic research microbiology

A

by kind of organism, by process, or in relation to diseases

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8
Q

applied microbiology

A

disease relation, environmental, and industrial

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9
Q

what are the three domains of microorganisms

A

bacteria, archaea, and eukarya

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10
Q

how are the three domains of living structures classified?

A

by size, nuclear membrane, cell wall, and presence of organelles

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11
Q

what do life forms obey?

A

-the laws of physics and chemistry

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12
Q

what are life forms made of?

A
  • molecules
  • polymers of proteins
  • carbohydrates
  • lipids
  • nucleic acids
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13
Q

what are the three types of chemical bonds? are there others?

A
  • ionic
  • covalent
  • hydrogen bonds
  • hydrophobic interaction
  • van der Waals force
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14
Q

what are the 6 major bio-elements? are there others?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorous, sulfur

magnesium, zinc, iron, sodium, and potassium

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15
Q

what is the role of water in life?

A
  • H bonds between water molecules contribute to a high boiling point
  • H bonds hold and absorb energy that make water a temp buffer
  • water is a polar molecule and capable of forming H bonds with other, which makes water an excellent solvent
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16
Q

endergonic

A

requires energy

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17
Q

exergonic

A

releases energy

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18
Q

chemical reactions

A

a change in energy that occurs during any chemical reaction. may be classified as endergonic or exergonic, and could include activation energy, catalysts, and enzymes

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19
Q

what can organic compounds be?

A
  • acidic or basic
  • polar or nonpolar
  • hydrophilic or hydrophobic
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20
Q

polymers

A

a long stretch of identical/similar molecules (monomers)

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21
Q

sugars

A

polysaccharides

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22
Q

fatty acids

A

lipids

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23
Q

nucleotide bases

A

nucleic acids

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24
Q

amino acids

A

proteins

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25
Q

carbohydrates

A

sugars/polysaccharides

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26
Q

what are the important roles of carbohydrates?

A
  • contribute to structural support
  • serve as nutrient and energy stores
  • important components of cell membrane
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27
Q

cellulose

A

found in plants and algae

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28
Q

peptidogylcan

A

found in bacterial cell walls

29
Q

lipopolysaccharide

A

complex of lipid and polysaccharide (endotoxins)

30
Q

glycocalyx

A

found on the outer surface, functions in attachments, role in biofilm

31
Q

monosaccirides

A

glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose, deoxyribose

32
Q

disacchrides

A

sucrose, lactose, maltose,

33
Q

polysaccrides

A

starch, gylcogen, and cellulose

34
Q

triglycerides

A

storage including fats and oils

35
Q

glycerol

A

3-carbon alcohol with 3 OH groups that serve as binding sites

36
Q

fatty acids

A

long-chain hydrocarbon molecules with a carboxyl group (COOH) that binds with glycerol

37
Q

what is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?

A

saturated are solid at room temp, and unsaturated are liquid at room temp

38
Q

membrane lipids

A
  • hydrophilic region from the charge on the phosphoric acid-alcohol head
  • hydrophobic region n the long, uncharged rail
  • these lipids naturally assume single and double layers (bilayers), which contribute to their biological significance in membranes
39
Q

what does RNA serve as?

A
  • intermediate between DNA and protein (mRNA)
  • functional molecule as in tRNA
  • structural molecule as in rRNA
40
Q

what are the three components of DNA and RNA?

A
  • nucleotide bases (A,C, G, T)

- sugar (ribose and deoxyribose), and phosphate

41
Q

what are proteins made out of?

A

amino acids

42
Q

what are the essential purposes of proteins in the cell?

A
  • as enzymes catalyze chemical reactions
  • regulate cellular processes
  • provide structural support, collagen
  • as surface receptors (signals)
  • as carries, carry molecules across the membrane
43
Q

what are the factors that affect protein shape?

A
  • pH
  • temp
  • salt concertation
  • changing these variables alters the activity/function of a protein
  • if a protein’s shape is altered so severely that the protein no longer functions, the protein is said to be denatured
44
Q

what are cells?

A

cells are essentially well organized assemblages of macromolecules with many common features shared among diverse types of cells, such as bacteria, mammals, plants, and fungi

45
Q

cenitmeter

A

10^-2 meter

46
Q

milimeter

A

10^-3 meter

47
Q

micrometer

A

10^-6 meter

48
Q

nanometer

A

10^-9 meter

49
Q

angstrom

A

10^-10 meter

50
Q

light microscopy microscopes

A
  • bright-field
  • dark-field
  • phase-contrast
  • fluorescence
51
Q

what are the types of electron microscopes?

A

TEM and SEM

52
Q

what are the uses for wet mounts?

A
  • for living organisms

- used for observing motility

53
Q

what is smear prepartation used for?

A
  • dead cells

- stains of dead cells

54
Q

what are simple stains used for? what are the types of dyes?

A
  • simple stains are used showing morphology, size, and arrangement
  • positive and negative
55
Q

positive staining

A

uses basic dye that binds to the specimen

56
Q

negative staining

A

uses acidic dye that binds to the background

57
Q

basic dyes

A

-have positively charged groups, bind to negatively charged molecules such as nucleic acids, many proteins, and the surfaces of bacterial and archaeal cells

58
Q

acidic dyes

A

-in their ionized form, have a negative charge and bind to positively charged cell structures

59
Q

what are the examples of differential staining?

A
  • gram stain
  • acid-fast stain
  • structural stains
60
Q

what are microorganisms?

A

organisms that are too small to be seen with the unaided eye

61
Q

what includes microbes?

A

bacteria, fungi, protozoa, microscopic algae, and viruses

62
Q

what are the jobs of microorganisms?

A
  • decompose waste and generate oxygen by photosynthesis
  • produce fermented food
  • produce industrial products such as acids and alcohols, and biofules
63
Q

how many cells is an adult human composed of? bacterial cells?

A
  • 30 trillion body cells

- 40 trillion bacterial cells

64
Q

what is the microbiome?

A
  • a group of microbes that live stably on/in the human body
  • help to maintain good health
  • can prevent growth of pathogenic microbes
  • may help train immune system to discriminate threats
65
Q

how are microbiota aquired?

A
  • begin as newborns
  • may colonize the body indefinitely or be fleeting
  • normal microbiota prevent growth of pathogens and produce growth factors for vitamins B and K
66
Q

the human microbiome project

A
  • begin in 2007
  • goal of determining the makeup of typical microbiota of various areas of the body
  • secondary goal of understanding the relationship between changes in microbiome and human disease
67
Q

the national microbiome initiative (NMI)

A
  • begin in 2016

- explores the role microbes play in different ecosystems

68
Q

biotechnology

A

is the use of microbes for practical applications, such as producing foods and chemicals

69
Q

recombinant DNA technology

A

enables bacteria and fungi to produce a variety of proteins, vaccines, and enzymes

  • missing or deflective genes in human cells can be replaces in gene therapy
  • genetically modified bacteria are used to protect crops from insects and from freezing

Microorganisms (11 decks)

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