Exam 1 Overview

Question 1

Drug

Answer 1

Treats diseases.
Affects living processes.
Chemical component that affects life.
- Therapeutic Applications

Question 2

Pharmacology

Answer 2

Study of drugs.
- Interactions w/ living systems.

Question 3

Clinical Pharmacology

Answer 3

Study of drugs in humans.
- Use of drug to treat pts.

Question 4

Therapeutics

Answer 4

How drugs treat disease.

Question 5

Properties of an IDEAL Drug

Answer 5

Effective
- Has to do what it says to do.
- Executes proper responses for which it’s given.
*Most important property a drug can have.

Safety
- Doesn’t have harmful effects.

Selectivity
- Does what it’s supposed to do at the area it needs.
*Elicits only response for which it’s given.

Question 6

What is the Therapeutic Objective of Drug Therapy?

Answer 6

Maximum benefit with minimum harm.

Question 7

Administration

Answer 7

Drug dosage, route, and timing of administration.

Medication Errors: Administered by wrong route, wrong dose, and wrong time, or wrong drug.

Question 8

Pharmacokinetics

Answer 8

Impact of the body on drugs.

• Getting to site of action.

Absorption (how body takes in meds.), Distribution (how drug is given out to the body), Metabolism (how med. is broken down), Excretion

Question 9

Pharmacodynamics

Answer 9

Impact of drugs on the body.

• Nature and intensity of response.
• Drug-Receptor Interaction
• Placebo Effect: Think something has an effect when it does not.

Question 10

Sources of Individual Variation

Answer 10

Determine pt’s response to a drug.
- Physiologic, Pathologic, and Genetic

Tailor drug therapy to every individual.

Question 11

Over the Counter vs. Prescription

Answer 11

OTC
- Mild symptoms, more affordable, more likely to become addicted, don’t need doctor’s orders, some regulated by FDA

Prescription
- More side effects, more likely to cause drug interactions, more addicted, need doctor’s order, higher FDA regulations

Question 12

Pharmacokinetics

Answer 12

Impact of body on drugs.

Question 13

Absorption

Answer 13

Movement of drug from its site of administration into blood.

Question 14

Distribution

Answer 14

Drug movement from blood to interstitial space of tissues and into cells.

Question 15

Metabolism

Answer 15

Enzymatically: Alteration of drug structure, how it’s broken down.

Question 16

Excretion

Answer 16

Movement of drugs out of the body.

Question 17

Pharmacokinetic Processes

Answer 17

Fastest Way: Intravenously, directly into body, pumped straight into the body and heart.

• Absorbed by GI tract.
• Into blood.
• From blood to site of action.
• Metabolism: Liver and kidneys (filter + excrete).
  *Alcoholics cannot produce bile or break down drugs, so Tylenol can build up and pt overdoses.
• Out through urine.

Question 18

Channels and Pores

Answer 18

Only the smallest drugs can pass through channels.

Question 19

Transport Systems

Answer 19

Some meds. need transport proteins.

*PGP (P-Glycoprotein): Multidrug transporter protein.
- Liver: PGP transports drugs into bile.
- Kidney: PGP transports drugs to urine.
- Placenta: PGP transports drugs back to maternal blood away from fetus.
- Intestine: PGP transports drugs into intestinal lumen.
- Brain Capillaries: PGP transports drugs into blood, limiting access to the brain.

Question 20

Direct Penetration

Answer 20

“Like dissolves like.”

Membranes are lipids, so drug must be lipid soluble.

Polar molecules and ions cannot penetrate membranes.

Question 21

pH Dependent Ionization

Answer 21

Acids: Gives a hydrogen ion in basic media.
Bases: Gains a hydrogen ion in acidic media.

Question 22

Ion Trapping or pH Partitioning

Answer 22

When pH of fluid on one side of membrane differs from pH of other side, drugs will accumulate where pH favors ionization.

Question 23

Administration

Answer 23

Into blood.
Intensity: Amount of absorption.
Factors Affecting Drug Absorption
- Rate of Dissolution: Drugs must first dissolve to be absorbed.
- Surface Area: Larger surface area, faster absorption.
*Some meds. are weight-based, more surface area to cover, so they up the dosage on meds. to have an effect.
- Blood Flow: Drugs absorb more rapidly where blood flow is high.
- Lipid Solubility: