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Bio112 Exam #1 > Exam 1 Objectives > Flashcards

Exam 1 Objectives Flashcards

1
Q

Belief of ancient Greeks with regard to species change

A

Species are “fixed”, don’t change

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2
Q

Who published first theory of evolution, what year, and what were two central ideas behind that theory?

A

Jean Baptiste de Lamarck, 1809

  1. Use and disuse
  2. Inheritance of acquired characteristics
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3
Q

Observations of Darwin on HMS Beagle

A

Cape Verde: Geology of volcanic islands
East coast of South America: ranges of species going southward and fossils of giant extinct animals
West coast of South America: Volcanic eruptions, tidal waves, and earthquakes and seashells on sides of mountains
Galapagos Islands: Animals differed amongst islands (the finches) and terrestrial and marine iguana

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4
Q

Ways in which Darwin’s Theory of Evolution contribute to others

A

James Hutton: Gradualism- profound geological changes are accumulations of small gradual changes that occur continuously (ex. erosion)
Thomas Malthus: Essay on Principle of Population- suggested that population growth would result in poverty and famine due to limited resources
Charles Lyell: Uniformitarianism- forces that gradually shaped Earth’s geologic past continue to do so

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5
Q

Who besides Charles Darwin independently arrived at theory of evolution by natural selection?

A

Alfred Russell Wallace

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6
Q

Five Tenets of Darwin’s Theory of Evolution

A
  1. Organisms have great potential fertility
  2. Natural populations remain at fairly constant numbers
  3. There are limitations on resources in an environment
  4. There are variations in characteristics of individuals of a same species
  5. Variations of characteristics of individuals are inherited from their parents
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7
Q

Criteria for Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

A
  1. There are no mutations
  2. There is no migration into or out of the population
  3. Population is infinitely large
  4. There is random mating in the population
  5. There is no natural selection acting on the population
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8
Q

Five violations of Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium that cause changes in the makeup of a population’s gene pool

A
  1. Mutation of alleles
  2. Migration of individuals into and out of population
  3. Populations aren’t always large
  4. Non-random mating in population
  5. There is likely to be natural selection acting on a population
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9
Q

The main source of new alleles

A

Mutations (also can restore alleles that were lost)

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10
Q

Possible outcomes of DNA mutation

A
  1. No effect on polypeptides or cells
  2. Harmful effect
  3. Beneficial effect (may become advantageous if they enhance organism’s chance for survival and reproduction)
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11
Q

How does gene flow contribute to change in genetic makeup

A

Movement of individuals into a population bring their alleles which alter frequencies

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12
Q

Why does genetic drift impact smaller populations more

A

Due to small populations, dominant alleles cause mass fluctuation in generations

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13
Q

How does assortative mating affect genetic makeup of a population

A

By choosing mates of similar phenotypes, this increases homozygotes and decreases heterozygotes

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14
Q

How does disassortative mating affect genetic makeup of a population

A

By choosing mates of dissimilar phenotypes, this increases heterozygotes and decreases homozygotes

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15
Q

How does inbreeding affect genetic variability

A

Increases probability of lethal genes

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16
Q

What does it mean when we refer to “fitness” in natural selection

A

Fitness is a measure of reproductive success of certain phenotypes. If an organism’s phenotype enables it to better survive then that organism will be more likely to survive and reproduce, passing on its phenotype

17
Q

Three modes of action by natural selection

A
  1. Stabilizing: reduces variation (think of bell curve)
  2. Directional: favors one “extreme” over another
  3. Disruptive: favors both “extremes”
18
Q

Mechanisms of Evolution

A
  1. Mutations
  2. Migration (gene flow)
  3. Small population size (genetic drift)
  4. Non-random mating
  5. Natural selection
19
Q

Three species concepts

A
  1. Morphological (typological) - type specimen
  2. Biological
  3. Lineage

Key to all of this - reproductive isolation

20
Q

Main difference between allopatric and sympatric speciation

A

Allopatric refers to seperation of population due to geographic barriers (body of water, receding of water, mountain range, etc.) and sympatric refers to populations that cannot be separated by geographic barriers (certain crops, apple maggot flies).

21
Q

If hybrids are less fit than parent species

A
  1. Reinforce of genetic/ reproductive isolation
  2. Breakdown of reproductive barriers - mixed gene pools
  3. Stability of hybrid zone

Bio112 Exam #1 (2 decks)

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