Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Foundations of Exp Biology > Exam 1 Objectives > Flashcards

Exam 1 Objectives Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Phylogenetic tree?

A

a visual representation of the process of evolution to show the pattern of relationships between species (cladogram)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Taxa

A

group of organisms classified together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Node

A

point of split

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

character

A

a heritable trait that can be observed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

clade

A

a group that includes common ancestors and all descendants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

sister group

A

when taxa share a common ancestor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

plesiomorphy

A

original trait; can be assumed (won’t actually say it on the tree)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

apomorphy

A

derived traits from the original trait

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

synapomorphy

A

trait that multiple different taxa share

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

autoapomorphy

A

self changed trait that only 1 taxon has

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

symplesiomorphy

A

a shared plesiomorphy (more than one taxa don’t have a specific trait)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

homologous traits

A

traits that are similar because it came from the same ancestory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

analogous

A

traits that are similar but came about independently

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

parsimony

A

the simplest explanation of a phylogenetic tree

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

how can phylogenetics help in healthcare

A
  • determine the origin of epidemic
  • can track the speed of infection rate
  • maps evolution of new derived traits of microbes
  • help decide how to treat the infection
  • help stop the spread of the disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

evolution

A

a change in frequency distribution of alleles in a population from generation to the next

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

evolution by natural selection

A

the process where the organisms best suited for their environment survive and pass on their genetic traits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

3 requirements for evolution by natural selection

A
  • must be variable
  • must be heritable
  • must be influenced by fitness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

variability

A

organisms have different forms of the trait

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

heritability

A

passed from parents to offspring genetically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

fitness

A

individuals with a certain form (allele) have more offspring than individuals with other forms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

evolution by artificial selection

A

humans select the genetic difference, not nature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

3 requirements for evolution by artificial selection

A
  • must be variable
  • must be heritable
  • must happen from differential reproduction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

differential reproduction

A

humans selectively choose the breeding (ex: dogs, horses, fish, ect.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

evolution by genetic drift

A

change in traits due to random process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is random process within evolution

A

it randomly happened, not because of natural selection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

3 requirements for genetic drift

A
  • must be variable
  • must be heritable
  • no differential reproduction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

can evolution happen if there is no heritability or variability?

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what are the reactants of fermentation?

A

glucose (sugar)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what are the products of fermentation?

A

CO2 and ethanol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

monosaccharide

A

1 sugar molecule
ex: fructose

32
Q

disaccharide

A

two sugar molecules
ex: maltose and sucrose

33
Q

traits of different strains of yeast in terms of artificial selection

A
  • results in different flavors
34
Q

explanatory variable

A

what you manipulate (independent variable)

35
Q

response variable

A

what you measure (dependent variable)

36
Q

treatment levels

A

how you treat each variable

37
Q

experimental unit

A

what gets 1 level of treatment applied to it

38
Q

replicates

A

applying the same treatment level to more than 1 experimental unit

39
Q

controls

A

a treatment level that serves as a basis of comparison

40
Q

randomization

A

formal process to randomly assign each treatment level

41
Q

confounding variables

A

anything that effects the response variable

42
Q

constants

A

experimental conditions that you keep the same throughout the study

43
Q

what does causation establish

A

the true cause of the response

44
Q

requirements for establishing causation

A
  • multiple treatment levels
  • replication
  • randomization
45
Q

what do multiple treatment levels give you basis for

A

comparison

46
Q

what does replication gaurd against

A

flukes

47
Q

randomization

A

guards against confounding variables

48
Q

correlation

A

if it lacks any of the 3 requirements, its a correlation between treatment and response

49
Q

formula for addition

A

=SUM()

50
Q

formula for subtraction

A

=DIFFERENCE(A1-A2)

51
Q

formula for multiplication

A

=PRODUCT()

52
Q

formula for division

A

=(A1)/(A2)

53
Q

formula for minimum

A

=MIN()

54
Q

formula for standard deviation

A

=STDEV()

55
Q

formula for sums

A

=SUM()

56
Q

formula for average

A

=AVERAGE()

57
Q

formula for median

A

=MEDIAN()

58
Q

formula for modes

A

=MODE()

59
Q

formula for maximum

A

=MAX()

60
Q

formula for standard error

A

=STDEV()/SQRT(COUNT())

61
Q

when is a bar chart appropriate for a data set

A
  • when the response variable (y-axis) is numerical
  • the explanatory variable (x-axis) is categorical
62
Q

parts of a scientific paper

A
  • title
  • introduction
  • experimental overview
  • results
  • tables and figures
  • discussion
  • references
63
Q

how to write a title for a scientific paper

A

explanatory variable, response variable, the organism and its scientific name properly formatted (Genus species), the direction of the effect (outcome [if clear])

64
Q

format for title page

A
  • title goes down 1/3 of the way
  • title does NOT have punctuation
  • size 12 Times New Roman
  • scientific name is italicized
  • name, department, and affiliation is single spaced at the bottom
65
Q

format for captioning a figure

A
  • the organism studied in the experiment (if applicable)
  • context for the result: the treatment applied or the relationship displayed
  • location (only if its a field experiment)
  • sample sizes
  • describe what the graph is, not means
  • do not interpret the graph
66
Q

mean

A

the average of the data (best used when there is no outliers [ex: 1, 2, 3, 4, 156])

67
Q

median

A

the center of the data (best used when there is an outlier/ when you need the actual center of the data)

68
Q

mode

A

the most occurring number (when you want to see the most common answer)

69
Q

measures of variation

A
  • range
  • standard deviation
70
Q

range

A

the range of data: take the highest number and subtract by the lowest number (formula in excel is =MAX()-MIN())

71
Q

standard deviation

A

average distance away from the mean

72
Q

central tendency

A

when you use mean, median, and mode to find a certain point within the data

73
Q

variance

A

the range of standard deviation

74
Q

how to describe a frequency histogram in terms of variance and central tendency

A

analyze the shape of distribution by looking at where the majority of data points cluster (central tendency) and how spread out the data is across the range of values (variance)

75
Q

standard error of the mean

A

tells you the precision with which you are estimating the true mean (population mean)

76
Q

census

A

data from the entire population

77
Q

sample

A

data from the selected group of the population (not the whole population)

Foundations of Exp Biology (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions