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Principles 3 > Exam 1 Neuro 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Neuro 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The somatic NS includes?

A

Cranial & spinal nerves & sensory/motor neurons

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2
Q

The autonomic NS is divided into?

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic NS

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3
Q

Cranial nerves XI & XII are?

A

Accessory & Hypoglossal nerves

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4
Q

`Which cranial nerves are sensory only?

A

I, II, VIII (Olfactory, Optic, Vestibulochochlear)

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5
Q

What is the function of cranial nerves XI & XII?

A

Shoulder shrug & swallowing, speech

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6
Q

What is the function of cranial nerves VII & VIII?

A

Facial expression, taste & hearing, balance

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7
Q

What is the function of cranial nerves III & IV?

A

Eye movement & moves eyes to look at the nose

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8
Q

What is the function of cranial nerves V & VI?

A

Face sensation, mastication & abduction of the eye

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9
Q

The cerebrum is for?

A

Higher functions

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10
Q

The cerebellum is there for?

A

Balance, posture & coordination

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11
Q

The frontal lobe controls what?

A

Personality, behavior, speech self-awareness

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12
Q

The Parietal lobe controls what?

A

Language, words, sense of touch, spatial perception (left & right)

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13
Q

The occipital lobe controls what?

A

Interpretation of visual stimuli

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14
Q

The temporal lobe controls what?

A

Understanding of language, memory, hearing

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15
Q

What are the brain folds called?

A

Gyri & Sulci

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16
Q

What is contained in Grey matter?

A

Neuron bodies

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17
Q

What is contained in White matter?

A

Axons that travel deeper into the brain to communicate with other areas

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18
Q

What are the 6 Glial cells called?

A
  • Microglia
  • Oligodendrocytes,
  • Ependymal cells,
  • Astrocytes,
  • Schwann cells,
  • Satellite cells
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19
Q

Most synaptic transmission is via?

A

Chemical transmission

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20
Q

When are neurotransmitters released?

A

When calcium enters the axon terminal in response to an action potential

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21
Q

Where is Ach synthesized?

A

In the presynaptic terminal

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22
Q

Ach has what actions on the CNS?

A

Attention, memory, arousal

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23
Q

Ach has what effects on the CV system?

A

Regulates heart contraction, decreases HR & BP

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24
Q

Ach is usually ____ in action.

A

Excitatory

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25
Q

What are some cholinergic side effects?

A

Salivation Lacrimation Urination Diaphoresis Gastrointestinal upset Emesis (SLUDGE)

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26
Q

What are some AchE drugs?

A

Rivastigmine, Donepezil, Galantamine

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26
Q

What do anticholinergic drugs do?

A

Block the action of Ach

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27
Q

What does Scopolamine do in the CNS?

A

Prevents communication between the nerves of the vestibule and the vomiting center in the brain

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28
Q

What is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain & spinal cord?

A

Glutamate

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29
Q

What are 3 actions of glutamate?

A

Learning/memory,
cognition,
mood regulation

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30
Q

Too much glutamate can lead to?

A

Parkinson’s,
Huntington’s,
Alzheimer’s

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31
Q

Dopamine derives from ____ & generally has ____ effects.

A

Phenylalanine & inhibitory

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32
Q

Dopaminergic neurons are located between the ___ & ___, in the ___, ___, & ___.

A

Substantia nigra & caudate nucleus/putamen,
in the limbic system,
retina & olfactory system

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33
Q

What are the functions of dopamine outside the CNS?

A

Inhibits NE release,
increases sodium excretion,
reduces insulin secretion

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34
Q

How does Levadopa work & why is Carbidopa given in conjunction?

A

It passes into the brain & converts into dopamine.
Carbidopa prevents early conversion of Levadopa into dopamine as dopamine cannot cross the BBB.

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35
Q

Adderall works by.

A

Increasing dopamine & epinephrine in the brain

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36
Q

Wellbutrin works by.

A

Increasing dopamine & NE

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37
Q

What drug is avoided in someone with Parkinson’s?

A

Reglan as it is a dopamine antagonist

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38
Q

Where in the brain is Epi produced?

A

Medulla oblongata & pons

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39
Q

Where in the brain is NE produced?

A

Locus Coeruleus

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40
Q

The Locus coeruleus is located within the?

A

PONS

41
Q

Where in the PNS are Epi & NE found?

A

Sympathetic ganglia,
postganglionic sympathetic neurons

42
Q

Serotonin is synthesized from and where?

A

Tryptophan & 90% in the GI tract’s enterochromaffin cells

43
Q

Where in the brain is Serotonin present?

A

Pons & medulla

44
Q

What type of blood cell stores serotonin?

A

Platelets

45
Q

In pathologic states serotonin causes?

A

Vasoconstriction (Pathologic state= HTN, atherosclerosis)

46
Q

In physiologic states serotonin causes?

A

Vasodilation (Releases NO)

47
Q

Where is GABA located in the pancreas & what does it do?

A

In beta cells & inhibits glucagon secretion

48
Q

Which anti-seizure medication works with GABA?

A

Valproic acid

49
Q

Which muscle relaxer works with GABA?

A

Baclofen (Lioresal)

50
Q

Where are endorphins released from?

A

Hypothalamus & pituitary

51
Q

How do endorphins work?

A

Bind to mu receptors in the brain, block GABA to increase dopamine

52
Q

The common carotid arteries bifurcate into?

A

The anterior & middle cerebral arteries

53
Q

The vertebral arteries form the _____, which then divides into the ___?

A

Basilar artery & posterior cerebral arteries

54
Q

Which arteries merge to form the circle of Willis?

A

Anterior, middle & posterior cerebral arteries

55
Q

What arteries run along the surface of the brain?

A

Pial arteries

56
Q

The pial arteries branch into the ____?

A

Penetrating arteries

57
Q

What perfuses deeper brain tissue?

A

Intracerebral arterioles

58
Q

The circle of Willis includes?

A
  • Anterior communicating artery,
  • L & R anterior cerebral arteries,
  • L & R posterior communicating arteries,
  • Distal tip of L & R internal carotids,
  • L & R posterior cerebral arteries
59
Q

The superficial & deep cerebral venous systems meet in the ___?

A

Confluence of Sinuses

60
Q

The most prominent superficial dural venous sinus is the ____?

A

Superior sagittal sinus

61
Q

The deep veins in the brain join ___ to form the ___, which drains into the ____ & then into the ____?

A
  • Behind the midbrain &
  • Great Cerebral Vein (Vein of Galen),
  • inferior sagittal sinus,
  • straight sinus
62
Q

The Confluence of Sinus drain into the ____?

A

Internal jugular veins

63
Q

The brain receives ___% of cardiac output.

A

15 – 20%

64
Q

The brain receives ___ mL of blood for each ___ gram of tissue per ___.

A

50 – 60mL / 100gr / per min

65
Q

Average adult CBF is around?

A

750 – 900mL/min

66
Q

At what CBF is cerebral impairment seen?

A

20 – 30 mL/100g/min (280 – 420 mL/min)

67
Q

At what CBF is an isoelectric EEG seen?

A

15 – 20 mL/100g/min (210 – 280 mL/min)

68
Q

At what CBF does irreversible brain damage occur?

A

10 mL/100g/min (140 mL/min)

69
Q

What 3 main factors affect CBF?

A

Myogenic, Neurogenic, Metabolic

70
Q

A MAP of __ - ___ relates to stable cerebral blood flow.

A

60 – 140 mmHg

71
Q

Myogenic control of CBF relates to?

A

Cerebral vasculature smooth muscle in arterioles

72
Q

Neurogenic CBF control relates to?

A

SNS innervation of large brain arteries (superior cervical ganglia)

73
Q

Metabolic CBF control is affected by these 4 things?

A

CO₂/H⁺ concentration, O₂ concentration, Astrocytes & CMRO₂

74
Q

What is a normal CMRO₂ at rest?

A

~3 mL/100g/min (~40 – 50 mL/min)

75
Q

What hypoxic states cause cerebral vasodilation?

A

PaO₂ <60 mmHg & SpO₂ <90%; or decreased CaO₂ d/t hemodilution

76
Q

What non-pharmacologic factors affect CMR?

A

Hypothermia, hypoglycemia, hyperthermia

77
Q

How does hypothermia affect CMRO₂?

A

Each 1℃ reduction → 6 – 7% decrease in CMRO₂

78
Q

How does hyperthermia affect CMRO₂?

A

Increases CMRO₂ up to 42℃

79
Q

How does hypoglycemia affect CMRO₂?

A

Increased CBF & CMRO₂

80
Q

What is the relationship between CBF & PaCO₂?

A

Blood flow is directly proportional to PaCO₂ (higher PaCO₂ = higher CBF)

81
Q

What is the primary function of astrocytes?

A
  • Provide support and nutrition to neurons.
  • Help regulate neuroinflammation.
  • Antioxidant response. Release Nitric Oxide
82
Q

What is astrocyte-mediated vasodilation?

A

Glutamate stimulates astrocytes, which leads to increased calcium in foot projections leading to vasodilation of nearby arterioles/capillaries. They also release NO

83
Q

How does nitrous affect CBF/CRMO₂?

A

Minor increase in CMRO₂ & CBF (synergistic with volatiles)

84
Q

How does ketamine affect CBF/CRMO₂?

A

Increased CBF & CMRO₂

85
Q

How do barbiturates affect CBF/CMRO₂?

A

Decreased CMRO₂ (-tal drugs, Thiopental, etc)

86
Q

How does etomidate, propofol, and opioids affect CMRO₂/CBF?

A

Reduce CMRO₂ & CBF in parallel

87
Q

What is the Robinhood effect?

A

Barbiturates decrease cerebrovascular response to CO2, vasoconstrict healthy parts of the brain and allow for preferential perfusion to ischemic areas

88
Q

How do VA’s affect CBF/CRMO2?

A
  • Minimal effect <1MAC.
  • > 1MAC potent cerebral vasodilation, increase in CBF (healthy & ischemic areas)
89
Q

What is the spinal cord blood supply?

A

1 anterior spinal artery & 2 posterior spinal arteries

90
Q

The anterior spinal artery runs from ___ to ___.

A

Foramen magnum to Filum terminale

91
Q

The anterior spinal artery originates from the ___?

A

Vertebral artery

92
Q

The anterior spinal artery supplies what?

A

Anterior 2/3 of the spinal cord

93
Q

What does the posterior spinal arteries supply?

A

Posterior 1/3 of the spinal cord

94
Q

What feeds the posterior spinal arteries?

A

Radicular & medullary arteries at each spinal level.

95
Q

How is the artery of Adamkiewicz recognized on an angiogram?

A

Due to its hairpin turn

96
Q

The artery of Adamkiewicz usually arises from where?

A

Left side of the aorta by T9 – T12

97
Q

What is the largest anterior medullary segmental artery?

A

Artery of Adamkiewicz

98
Q

What does the Artery of Adamkiewicz supply?

A

The anterior thoracolumbar spinal cord

99
Q

What could be seen if the Artery of Adamkiewicz is damaged?

A
  • Impaired motor function to the legs;
  • paralysis,
  • urine/bowel incontinence.
  • Sensory is usually intact.
100
Q

What is tethered cord syndrome?

A

Spinal cord tissue attached to spinal column

Principles 3 (3 decks)

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