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musculoskeletal > exam 1 musculoskeletal physiology > Flashcards

exam 1 musculoskeletal physiology Flashcards

1
Q

skeletal muscle

A

striated, tubular and multinucleate
voluntary
attached to skeleton

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2
Q

smooth muscle

A

non striated, spindle shaped, uninucleate
involuntary
covers walls of internal organs

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3
Q

cardiac muscle

A

striated, branched and uninucleated
involuntary
covers heart wall

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4
Q

isotonic

A

load is constant, muscle shortens

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5
Q

isometric

A

load is increasing, muscle doesn’t shorten

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6
Q

muscle fiber characteristics

A

very long and multinucleate, surrounded by sarcolemma

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7
Q

fascicle is made of what

A

made of muscle fibers

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8
Q

muscle is made of

A

fascicles

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9
Q

myofibrils are made of what and what do they do

A

thin and thin filaments, surrounded by sarcoplasmic reticulum
these make up the muscle fibers

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10
Q

thick filament

A

myosin

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11
Q

thin filament

A

actin

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12
Q

types of troponin

A

T, I, C

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13
Q

T troponin

A

tropomyosin

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14
Q

I troponin

A

inhibits actin binding

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15
Q

C troponin

A

binds calcium

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16
Q

dystrophin function

A

holds sarcomeres together

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17
Q

sarcolemma surrounds what?

A

muscle fibers

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18
Q

what initiates contraction?

A

high intracellular calcium

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19
Q

what causes relaxation?

A

low intracellular calcium

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20
Q

where does contractile intracellular calcium come from?

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

21
Q

what protein sequesters calcium into the SR?

A

SERCA

22
Q

what regulates calcium release from the SR?

A

RyR (ryanadine receptor)

23
Q

what does calsequestrin do?

A

binds calcium in the SR

24
Q

what is a dihydropuridine receptor?

A

it is a voltage gated calcium receptor on T tubules that activates RyR receptors

25
Q

ATP binds myosin to cause what?

A

released state

26
Q

ATP hydrolysis causes

A

myosin head to move to a cocked position

27
Q

calcium presence during the cocked state causes what?

A

binding of myosin to actin

28
Q

Pi is released and causes what?

A

strong cross bridge state and power stroke

29
Q

what happens after the power stroke?

A

ADP is released, and actin and myosin are bound until ATP binds

30
Q

what happens when calcium binds troponin C?

A

tropomyosin (troponin T) moves to reveal the myosin binding site on actin

31
Q

what causes tetanus?

A

large intracellular store of Ca++ due to repeated stimulation

32
Q

slow twitch muscle characteristics

A

red, do oxidative metabolism with high mitochondria and low glycogen

33
Q

Fast twitch type IIa muscle fiber characteristics

A

red, do oxidative metabolism with very high mitochondria and have abundant glycogen

34
Q

Fast twitch type IIx/b muscle fiber characteristics

A

fatiguable, white, glycolytic metabolism, fewer mitochondria and high glycogen

35
Q

what is frequency summation?

A

increased force within a single fiber by summing multiple twitches

36
Q

what is a motor unit

A

motor neuron and the muscle fibers that it innervates

37
Q

innervation ratio

A

myofibrils: neuron
fast twitch: 1 neuron innervates many fibers
slow twitch: 1 neuron innervates less fibers

38
Q

what is CICR

A

calcium induced calcium release, utilized by cardiac muscles because DHP is not linked to RyR

39
Q

cardiac action potentials driven by

A

Ca++ or Na+

40
Q

relative speed of each muscle

A

skeletal > smooth > cardiac

41
Q

what does the IP3 receptor do

A

mediated calcium release from the endoplasmic reticulum

42
Q

what does calcium calmodulin do?

A

activates MLCK to phosphorylate MLC, causes cross bridge cycling in cardiac and smooth muscle

43
Q

neuron AP causes release of

A

acetylcholine

44
Q

Ach receptor in muscle

A

nicotinic

45
Q

muscle APs cause depolarization of?

A

sarcolemma and T tubules, opens voltage gated Na+ channels

46
Q

what causes muscle contraction

A

increase in calcium

47
Q

what initiates fusion of the vesicle with the membrane?

A

calcium

48
Q

myasthenia gravis, cause and presentation

A

destruction of nicotinic receptors: droopy eyes, generalizes muscle weakness

49
Q

Lambert eaton cause and presentation

A

destruction of voltage gated calcium channels on the presynaptic side, gets better throughout the day

musculoskeletal (6 decks)

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