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Workings of the Mind: > Exam 1: Modules 1-4 > Flashcards

Exam 1: Modules 1-4 Flashcards

1
Q

The Mind-Body Problem

A

How does the mind interact with the body? Dualism vs. Monism vs. Panpsychism

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2
Q

Dualism

A

The belief that the mind and body are made of different things; the mind is something separate from the physical body

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3
Q

Monism

A

The belief that there is only one kind of “stuff”; The mind is a by-product of of physical processes OR the physical world doesn’t really exist and everything is a projection of the mind

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4
Q

Panpsychism

A

Every physical object has a form of consciousness; everything has an experience of their existence

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5
Q

“Mary the Color Scientist”

A

Mary is a scientist that can only see in black and white; She knows everything there is to know about color, but has never actually experienced it herself

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6
Q

Qualia

A

The unique quality of your conscious experience; Language nor neuroscience can explain it

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7
Q

Levels of Consciousness

A
  1. Conscious: immediate awareness
  2. Preconscious: information that you’re not immediately aware of but could become aware of
  3. Unconscious: information that cannot be assessed by conscious awareness
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8
Q

Parts of the Neuron

A

Cell body: contains the nucleus and cellular organelles
Dendrites: branches from the cell body that receive signals
Axon: Extends from the cell body to transmit signals
Nerves: bundles of axons
Synapse: the small gaps with which neurons send chemical messages across

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9
Q

Grey Matter vs. White Matter

A

Grey Matter: where all cell bodies of neurons are most concentrated; these areas of the brain do the processing
White Matter: where axons of neurons are most concentrated; connects different areas of the brain

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10
Q

Myelin Sheath vs. Nodes of Ranvier

A

Myelin Sheath: insulated parts of the axon that allows the neurons to fire faster
Nodes of Ranvier: uninsulated parts of the axon; the signal skips from node to node

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11
Q

Steps of Action Potential

A
  1. Resting Potential: axon is “polarized” with a negative charge
  2. Depolarization: positive ions enter and creates positive charge
  3. Repolarization: Positive ions get kicked out and axon is negative again
  4. Hyperpolarization: there is temporarily too much negative charge; the axon is unable to fire again until returning to resting potential
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12
Q

Steps of the Simple Reflex Circuit

A
  1. Sensory Neuron: receives information from the environment
  2. Interneuron: carries info from sensory neuron to motor neuron
  3. Motor Neuron: Stimulate muscle to produce a movement
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13
Q

Organization of the Nervous System

A

Nervous System –> Central OR Peripheral
Central —> Brain and Spinal Cord
Peripheral –> Somatic and Autonomic
Autonomic –> Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

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14
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

Associated with the voluntary control of body movements and reflexes

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15
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Associated with the regulation of internal functions like heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, etc.

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16
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

Associated with your body’s “fight or flight” response; increased heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing

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17
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

Associated with the body’s “rest and digest” response; involved in conserving energy for later; decreased breathing and heart rate, and speeds up digestive processes

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18
Q

Brain Stem (Medulla)

A

messages from the spinal cord and peripheral nervous system enter the brain through here

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19
Q

Reticular Formation

A

Inside upper part of brain stem; helps regulate sleep and alertness

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20
Q

Cerebellum

A

Helps process sensory information used to maintain balance

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21
Q

Thalamus

A

“Relay Station” for sensory information; sensory info is then “sorted and shipped out” from here

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22
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Connected to pituitary gland; allows brain to regulate hormones in the body

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23
Q

Amygdala

A

Involved in processing emotional information (fear/anger more than any other emotion)

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24
Q

Hippocampus

A

Involved in creating long-term memories

25
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain

26
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

Primary receiving area for vision; association areas for vision

27
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

primary receiving area for hearing; association areas for hearing

28
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

somatosensory strip- primary receiving area for touch

29
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

ability to regulate thoughts, memories, and behavior; your “self” control and regulation

30
Q

Sensation vs. Perception

A

Sensation: detecting “raw” sensory information from the environment (bottom-up processing)
Perception: understanding sensory information as meaningful categories (Top-down and bottom-up processing)

31
Q

Top-Down Processing

A

Perception influenced by prior knowledge and expectations

32
Q

Bottom-Up Processing

A

Senses detect stimuli in the environment; stimulus features identified (shape, color, motion, etc)

33
Q

Transduction

A

converting information from the environment into neural impulses

34
Q

Visual Transduction

A

Light enters the eye and light receptors fire when light is absorbed

35
Q

Auditory Transduction

A

Sound waves move tympanic membrane, which moves ear bones, which sends ripples through the ear that cause receptors to move at different frequencies

36
Q

Taste Transduction

A

Taste buds detect chemicals in food

37
Q

Smell transduction

A

Receptors in nasal cavity detect chemicals in the air

38
Q

Tactile Transduction

A

Shape and design of receptors detect changes in pressure, vibration, and temperature; receptors are getting stretched, squished, deformed, etc.

39
Q

Absolute Threshold vs. Difference Threshold

A

Absolute Threshold: absolute limit of sensory activity
Difference Threshold: smallest detectable difference in sensory activity

40
Q

Proprioception & Interception (Sixth Senses)

A

Proprioception: sensing the location of your body and its parts
Interception: sensing of your internal organs

41
Q

Light from above heuristic

A

the assumption that light is coming from above; can influence how we view 3D objects that are illuminated

42
Q

Size Constancy

A

An object size seems constant despite the size of the raw visual image

43
Q

Shape Constancy

A

Object shape appears to remain the same even though visual age changes

44
Q

Sin Wave Speech

A

Distorted versions of speech that can be understood if given prior expectations

45
Q

Gestalt Psychology

A

perception involves how the mind organizes patterns of sensations

46
Q

McGurk Effect

A

altered perception of speech sounds when the component of speech conflicts with the visual component

47
Q

Attention

A

The process of concentrating on specific features of the environment, or on specific mental activities
Attention can only attend to a certain amount of stimuli at a time
Attention is selective; you pay more attention to some stimuli than others

48
Q

Overt vs. Covert Attention

A

Overt: conscious and intentional attending to a scene or stimulus; directed attention
Covert: when attention is “grabbed” by something that you weren’t directly paying attention to

49
Q

How does attention relate to perception?

A

Attention is needed for sensations to become perceptions; many perceptual errors and illusions are due to limitations of attention

50
Q

Dichotic Listening and its results

A

Dichotic listening is listening to two things at once (one message to each ear)
Results: When told to pay attention to one message, they couldn’t pay attention to what was being said in the other ear; They could only perceive sensory information like change in tone but not change in language or topic

51
Q

Cocktail party effect

A

People can immediately hear their own name when said amongst other auditory stimuli

52
Q

Attentional Spotlight

A

Attention functions like a spotlight because it can heavily focus on one thing or weakly on multiple things

53
Q

Inattentional Blindness vs. Change Blindness

A

Inattentional: lack of attention to an obvious stimulus; stimulus is clearly visible but goes unseen
Change: Can be blind to changes between scenes; If details change while objects are out of view, we may not notice the difference

54
Q

Divided Attention

A

Attention is limited but can be divided between tasks, especially when the tasks become more autonomic

55
Q

The Man Who Mistook his Wife for a Hat (Ch 1)
Symptoms?
Cause of symptoms?
Treatment?

A

Symptoms: cannot recognize whole objects, only features; confuses objects with each other (his shoe and his foot); could only perceive the buildings on the right side when walking down the street.
Diagnosis: Visual agnosia; unilateral neglect
Treatment: No treatment given; sacks encourages Dr. P to keep living through his love of music

56
Q

The Disembodied Woman (Ch3)
Symptoms?
Cause of Symptoms?
Treatment?

A

Symptoms: nightmares of losing control of her body; collapsing; couldn’t stand on her feet without looking at them; couldn’t hold things in her hands; slack jaw
Diagnosis: Christina had lost her proprioceptive sense; she had no sense of where her limbs were without looking at them
Treatment: Sacks describes a “functional” recovery through intense and varied therapy; when doing anything she needed to be solely focused on one task at a time

57
Q

Hands (Ch. 5)
Symptoms?
Cause of Symptoms?
Treatment?

A

Symptoms: congenitally blind; cerebral palsy; spasticity; involuntary movement of both hands; can not identify objects with her hands;
Diagnosis: Lack of perception in identifying objects with her hands; a neurological affliction that created the illusion that she has no control over her hands
Treatment: Sacks had the nurse leave Madeleine’s food right out of reach, which prompted her to use her hands to pick up her food and eat it; she started exploring more with her hands after that and perceiving the world this way.

58
Q
A

Workings of the Mind: (1 decks)

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