Exam 1 (Modules 1-3)

Question 1

Biological phenomena

Answer 1

Any biological event that is observable

Question 2

Knowledge

Answer 2

A lucky guess, but poorly justified true belief

Question 3

Scientific founders

Answer 3

Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle

Question 4

Logical reasoning

Answer 4

based on empirical scientific evidence collected via experience and observation.

Question 5

Aristotle

Answer 5

created methods of philosophical study of the natural sciences

Question 6

Scientific method

Answer 6

Observation -> Question -> Hypothesis -> Prediction -> Experiments & Conclusions -> Theory

Question 7

Hypothesis

Answer 7

Proposed explanation that answers the question

Question 8

Prediction

Answer 8

Expected results if hypothesis is true

Question 9

Correlation

Answer 9

describes the relationship between two or more variables

Question 10

Causation

Answer 10

the cause and effect relationship between variables

Question 11

Sloth/moth mutualism

Answer 11

Sloths defecate on the ground in order to facilitate moth survival

Question 12

Independent variable

Answer 12

the treatment that is potentially affecting the dependent variable

Question 13

Dependent variable

Answer 13

the effect being measured & potentially influenced by the independent variable

Question 14

Control group

Answer 14

eliminates the affect of the independent variable & thus tests for extraneous variables that could also be affecting the dependent variable

Question 15

Null hypothesis

Answer 15

no significant effect of independent variable on dependent variable

Question 16

Alternate hypothesis

Answer 16

logical alternative to null hypothesis

Question 17

p-value > 0.05

Answer 17

reject hypothesis and support/accept alternative hypothesis

Question 18

p-value > 0.56

Answer 18

support/accept null and reject alternative hypothesis

Question 19

Strong positive numerical relationship

Answer 19

line goes up and dotted points are close/on the line

Question 20

Weak positive numerical relationship

Answer 20

lines goes up but dotted points are a bit distanced from line

Question 21

Strong negative numerical relationship

Answer 21

line goes down and dotted points are close/on line

Question 22

Weak negative numerical relationship

Answer 22

lines goes down but dotted points are a bit distanced from line

Question 23

Moderate negative numerical relationship

Answer 23

line goes down and has a lot of closely scattered dots

Question 24

No correlation numerical relationship

Answer 24

no line, scattered points all over the place

Question 25

Cellular organization

Answer 25

one or more complex cells

Question 26

Metabolism

Answer 26

capture/consume energy, synthesize chemical compounds & expel waste

Question 27

Homeostasis

Answer 27

maintain consistent internal environments

Question 28

Reproduction

Answer 28

produce viable offspring

Question 29

Adaptation

Answer 29

evolve in response to other species and the environment

Question 30

Domains of life

Answer 30

bacteria, archaea, eukaryotes

Question 31

Species

Answer 31

a group of organisms that can reproduce together and their offspring is viable

Question 32

Taxonomy

Answer 32

the science of classifying & naming species

Question 33

Taxonomic classifications

Answer 33

kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genius, species

Question 34

Population

Answer 34

all members of a species within a defined geographical area

Question 35

Community

Answer 35

group of interacting species (i.e., multiple populations) in the same geographic area

Question 36

Ecosystem

Answer 36

a community of living organisms interacting with their physical environment

Question 37

Ecosystem ecology

Answer 37

the scientific study of how living organisms (biotic factors) interact with their non-living environment (abiotic factors) within an ecosystem

Question 38

Elemental composition of the human body (wet vs dry weight)

Answer 38

Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen, make up 94% of the dry mass. After removal of water, carbon increases by 2.5 times and oxygen decreases in half.

Question 39

Basic atomic structure

Answer 39

Atomic nucleus composed of protons and neutrons. Electrons orbit around nucleus.

Question 40

Radiometric dating (example with Carbon-14)

Answer 40

all three isotopes of carbon (common C-12, rare C-13, and radioactive C-14 are absorbed by living organisms

Question 41

Isotopes (definition & example)

Answer 41

Isotopes are atoms of an element that contain a different number of neutrons and will decay at a constant rate that is defined by the half-life of that isotope. (Ex. isotopes of Carbon are naturally occurring in the atmosphere and in all living organisms)

Question 42

Chemical bonds (why do they form?)

Answer 42

Atoms will transfer or share electrons in order to achieve a full outermost (valence) electron shell and the stability it produces.

Question 43

Ionic bond

Answer 43

Caused by the complete transfer of electron(s) between atoms which, as a result, become oppositely charged ions that are now electrostatically attracted to each other *ex. sodium chloride (NaCl)*

Question 44

Non-polar covalent bond

Answer 44

Caused by the equal sharing of one or more electrons between atoms *ex. hydrogen*

Question 45

Polar covalent bond

Answer 45

Caused by the unequal sharing of electrons between atoms. Resulting molecule is overall neutral but has charged parts (polar) *ex. occurs within each water molecule*

Question 46

Hydrogen bond

Answer 46

Electrostatic attraction between the positively charged hydrogen atom of one polar molecule and the negatively charged atom of another polar molecule *ex. occurs between water molecules and other polar substances*

Question 47

Properties of water

Answer 47

1. High specific heat (energy required to raise the temperature of a substance). 2. Cohesion between water molecules due to hydrogen bonding. 3. Adhesion to other polar molecules due to hydrogen bonding. 4. Universal solvent of polar substances due to high polarity but resists interactions with non-polar substances (e.g., lipids). 5. Liquid water is more dense than solid water

Question 48

pH scale

Answer 48

see photo

Question 49

pH buffering system

Answer 49

see photo