EXAM 1 Module 1.1 Organization of the Body Flashcards
study of normal function in living systems, biological function of how the body works
illustrates cause and effect sequences
physiology
study of how and why normal function goes wrong as in human diseases
pathophysiology
organization and “layers” of the body (hierarchical structure)
Cells -> Tissues -> Organs -> Organ Systems -> Organism (body)
simplest structural unit into which a complex multicellular organism can be divided and still retain the characteristics of life
cell
characteristics of life (cell’s functions)
exchange materials with their environment
obtain energy from organic nutrients
synthesize complex molecules
duplicate themselves
detect and respond to signals in their immediate environment
cells specialize to perform certain functions in development
cell differentiation
four types of differentiated cells
muscle cells (myocytes)
neural cells (neurons)
epithelial cells
connective tissue cells
aggregate of differentiated cells with similar properties/functions
tissue
four types of tissues
muscle tissue
nervous tissue
epithelial tissue (epithelium)
connective tissue
types of muscle tissue
cardiac
skeletal
smooth
generate mechanical force by contraction
muscle tissue specialization
voluntary (under conscious control)
skeletal muscle
involuntary (activity of the muscle cannot be consciously altered)
cardiac and smooth muscles
initiate, integrate, and conduct electrical signals to other cells
nervous tissue specialization
controls activity of other cells
formed from collection of neurons
nervous tissue
_________ from many neurons are packaged with connective tissue to form nerves that __________ from nervous system to other parts
cellular extensions; carry electrical signals
selective secretion, absorption of ions and organic molecules, and protection
epithelial tissue specialization
epithelial tissue is based on…
shape or arrangement of cells
one cell thick layer epithelial tissue
simple epithelium
multiple layers of cells epithelial tissue
stratified epithelium
types of connective tissue
loose connective tissue
dense connective tissue (tendons, ligaments)
blood
cartilage
bone
adipose tissue
connect, anchor, and support structures of the body
connective tissue specialization
forms extracellular matrix (ECM) around cells, provides a scaffold for cellular attachments and also transmits information
connective tissue
composed of fibrous protein (collagen, elastin)
extracellular matrix (ECM)
red blood cells are an example of _______ tissue cells
connective
collection of tissues joined in a structural unit to serve a common function (ex: heart, kidney)
organ
organs that are linked together to serve an overall function (ex: cardiovascular system or urinary system)
organ system
coordinates the activities of organ systems to maintain a stable internal environment
organism
