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A+P > Exam 1 Mod 1: Composition of Blood > Flashcards

Exam 1 Mod 1: Composition of Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Blood is the only ____ in the body

A

Blood is the only fluid tissue in the body

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2
Q

Describe the general composition of blood and blood plasma.

A
  • Plasma:
  • 55% of whole blood
  • Least dense component
    -Buffy coat
  • Leukocytes (white blood cells) and platelets (cell fragments that help stop bleeding)
  • <1% of whole blood
  • Erythrocytes
  • 45% of whole blood (hematocrit)
  • Most dense component
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3
Q

List the major types of plasma proteins, their functions, and sites of production.

A
  • Albumins - Major contributors to plasma colloid osmotic pressure; carriers fro various substance. Makes up 60% of plasma. Carrier of other molecules, and a blood buffer.
  • Globulins - Clotting factors, enzymes, antibodies, carriers for various substances
  • Fibrinogen - Forms fibrin threads essential to blood clotting. Makes up 4% of plasma proteins
  • Transferrin - Iron transport

Most are produced by the liver

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4
Q

Compare and contrast the morphological features and general functions of the formed elements (i.e., erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets).

A
  • Erythrocytes have no nuclei or organelles
  • Platelets are cell fragments
  • Only Leukocytes are complete cells
  • Most blood cells do not divide, instead stem cells divide continuosly in red bone marrow to replace them
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5
Q

White blood cells are able to slip out of the capillary blood vessels through:

A

A process called diapedesis

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6
Q

List the five types of leukocytes in order of their relative prevalence in normal blood, and describe their major functions.

A
  • Neutrophils (50-70%)
  • Lymphocytes (25-45%)
  • Monocytes (3-8%)
  • Eosinophils (2-4%)
  • Basophils (0.5-1%)
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7
Q

Types of Leukocytes

Description, prevelence and major function of: Neutrophil

A

Description: Multilobed nucleus, pale red and blue cytoplasmic granules
Prevelence: (50-70%)
Function:
- Granules contain either hydrolytic enzymes or antimicrobial proteins, defensins
- Very phagocytic
- Kills microbes by process called respirtory bursts
- Defensin granules merge with the phagosome, forming spears that pierce holes in the membrane of the ingested foe

Granules

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8
Q

Types of Leukocytes: Neutrophils

Describe respiratory burst

A

The cells metabolize oxygen to produce potent germ killer oxidizing substances such as bleach and hydrogen peroxide

One way neutrophils kill bacteria

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9
Q

Types of Leukyoctyes

Description, prevelence, and major function: Lymphocytes

A

Description: Large spherical nucleus, thin rim of pale blue cytoplasm
Prevelence: 25-45%
Function:
- Crucial to immunity
- Two types of lymphocytes:
- T lymphocytes (T cells) act against virus-infected cells and tumor cells
- B lymphocytes (B cells) give rise to plasma cells, which produce antibodies

Agranulocytes

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10
Q

Types of Leukocytes: Lymphocytes

T lymphocyte

A

T cells function in the immune response by acting directly against virus infected cells and tumor cells

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11
Q

Types of Leukocytes: Lymphocytes

B Lymphocytes

A

B cells give rise to plasma cells, which produce anitbodies (Immunoglobulins)

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12
Q

Types of Leukocytes

Description, prevelence and major functions: Monocytes

A

Description: Dark purple staining, U or kidney shaped nuclei
Prevelence: 3-8%
Function:
- Leave circulation, enter the tissues and differentiate into macrophages
- Actively phagocytic cells; crucial against viruses, intracellular bacterial parasites, and chronic infections
- Activate lymphocytes to mount an immune respones

Agranulocytes

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13
Q

Types of Leukocytes

Description, prevelence and major functions: Eosinophils

A

Description: Nucleus has two lobes (bilobed nucleus) connected by a broad band
Prevelence: 2-4%
Function:
- Red-staining granules contain digestive enzymes
- Release enzymes on large parasitic worms, digesting their surface
- Also play role in allergies and asthma, as well as immune response modulators

Granulocytes

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14
Q

Types of Leukocytes

Description, prevelence and major functions:
Basophils

A

Description: Nucleus deep purple with one to two constrictions
Large, purplish black (basophilic) granules contain histamine
Prevelence: 0.5 - 1%
Function:
- Histamine: inflammatory chemical that acts as vasodilator (make blood vessels dilate) and attracts WBCs to inflamed sites
- Are functionally similar to mast cells

Granulocytes

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15
Q

Types of Leukocytes: Basophils

Histamine

A

Inflammatory chemical that acts as vasodilator (make blood vessels dilate) and attracts WBCs to inflamed sites

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16
Q

Leukocytes: Two groups

Granulocytes

A

Contain visible cytoplasmic granules:
- Neutrophils
- Eosinophils
- Basophils
Roughly spherical; larger,
Characteristically lobed nuclei
Shorter lived than erythrocytes

17
Q

Leukocytes: Two groups

Agranulocytes

A

Do not contain visible cytoplasmic granules:
- Lymphocytes (spherical)
- Monocytes (kidney shaped)
Spherical or kidney shaped

18
Q

List and describe the shape, size, and basic functions of the different classes of leukocytes (WBCs)

A
  • Neutrophil: Multilobed nucleus, defensin form “spears” that pierce holes in membrane of ingested microbe (bacteria slayers)
  • Eosinophils: bilobed, release digestive enzymes on parasitic worms, also play role in allergies and asthma
  • Basophils: Large purplish black granules contain histamine that acts as vasodilator and attracts WBC to inflammed sites
  • Lymphocytes: Critical to immunity; T cells (against virus and tumor cells) and B cells (gives rise to plasma cells, which produce antibodies)
19
Q

Define leukopenia

A
20
Q

Define Leukocytosis

A
21
Q

Describe the structure and function of hemoglobin, including its breakdown products.

A
  • Hemoglobin is made up of red heme pigment bound to the protein globin. Globin consists of 4 polypeptide chains - two alpha and two beta - each binding a red ringlike heme. Each heme group bears a iron ion (Fe+2)
  • A hemoglobin molecule can transport four molecules of oxygen b/c each iron atom can combine reversibly with one molecule of oxygen
  • O2 loading in lungs produces oxyhemoglobin; loading is oxygen binding. Occurs in the lungs and the direction of transport is from the lungs to tissue cells.
  • O2 unloading in tissues produces deoxyhemoglobin, or reduced hemoglobin; unloading is oxygen unbinding. Occurs in the body tissues, the released oxygen diffuses from the blood into the tissue fluid into the tissue cells
  • CO2 loading in tissues and the direction of transport is from tissues to lungs, where carbon dioxide is eliminated from the body; the carbon dioxide transported in the blood combines with hemoglobin, but it binds to the globin’s amino acids rather than to the heme forming carbaminohemoglobin
22
Q

Hemoglobin:

Oxyhemoglobin

A
  • O2 loading in lungs
  • Occurs in the lungs and the direction of transport is from the lungs to tissue cells

Loading is oxygen binding

23
Q

Hemoglobin

Deoxyhemoglobin

A
  • Also known as reduced hemoglobin
  • O2 unloading in tissues
  • Occurs in the body tissues, the released oxygen diffuses from the blood into the tissue fluid into the tissue cells

Unloading is oxygen unbinding

24
Q

Carbanimohemoglobin

A
  • CO2 loading in tissue
  • Direction of transport from tissues to lungs
  • Carbon dioxide binds to the globin’s amino acids rather than to the heme
25
Q

Define hematocrit and state the normal ranges for adult males and females.

A
  • Hematocrit refers to the percentage of whole blood that consists of red blood cells
  • Normal hematocrit value for males range from 42-52%
  • Normal hematocrit value for females range from 38-47%
26
Q

Hemoglobin

Globin

A

Consists of 4 polypeptide chains; two alpha, and two beta - each binding to a red ringlike heme

27
Q

How much oxygen can a hemoglobin transport and why

A
  • A hemoglobin molecule can transport four molecules of oxygen
  • Each iron atom can combine reversibly with one molecule of oxygen

A+P (6 decks)

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