Exam 1 Mod 1: Composition of Blood Flashcards
Blood is the only ____ in the body
Blood is the only fluid tissue in the body
Describe the general composition of blood and blood plasma.
- Plasma:
- 55% of whole blood
- Least dense component
-Buffy coat - Leukocytes (white blood cells) and platelets (cell fragments that help stop bleeding)
- <1% of whole blood
- Erythrocytes
- 45% of whole blood (hematocrit)
- Most dense component
List the major types of plasma proteins, their functions, and sites of production.
- Albumins - Major contributors to plasma colloid osmotic pressure; carriers fro various substance. Makes up 60% of plasma. Carrier of other molecules, and a blood buffer.
- Globulins - Clotting factors, enzymes, antibodies, carriers for various substances
- Fibrinogen - Forms fibrin threads essential to blood clotting. Makes up 4% of plasma proteins
- Transferrin - Iron transport
Most are produced by the liver
Compare and contrast the morphological features and general functions of the formed elements (i.e., erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets).
- Erythrocytes have no nuclei or organelles
- Platelets are cell fragments
- Only Leukocytes are complete cells
- Most blood cells do not divide, instead stem cells divide continuosly in red bone marrow to replace them
White blood cells are able to slip out of the capillary blood vessels through:
A process called diapedesis
List the five types of leukocytes in order of their relative prevalence in normal blood, and describe their major functions.
- Neutrophils (50-70%)
- Lymphocytes (25-45%)
- Monocytes (3-8%)
- Eosinophils (2-4%)
- Basophils (0.5-1%)
Types of Leukocytes
Description, prevelence and major function of: Neutrophil
Description: Multilobed nucleus, pale red and blue cytoplasmic granules
Prevelence: (50-70%)
Function:
- Granules contain either hydrolytic enzymes or antimicrobial proteins, defensins
- Very phagocytic
- Kills microbes by process called respirtory bursts
- Defensin granules merge with the phagosome, forming spears that pierce holes in the membrane of the ingested foe
Granules
Types of Leukocytes: Neutrophils
Describe respiratory burst
The cells metabolize oxygen to produce potent germ killer oxidizing substances such as bleach and hydrogen peroxide
One way neutrophils kill bacteria
Types of Leukyoctyes
Description, prevelence, and major function: Lymphocytes
Description: Large spherical nucleus, thin rim of pale blue cytoplasm
Prevelence: 25-45%
Function:
- Crucial to immunity
- Two types of lymphocytes:
- T lymphocytes (T cells) act against virus-infected cells and tumor cells
- B lymphocytes (B cells) give rise to plasma cells, which produce antibodies
Agranulocytes
Types of Leukocytes: Lymphocytes
T lymphocyte
T cells function in the immune response by acting directly against virus infected cells and tumor cells
Types of Leukocytes: Lymphocytes
B Lymphocytes
B cells give rise to plasma cells, which produce anitbodies (Immunoglobulins)
Types of Leukocytes
Description, prevelence and major functions: Monocytes
Description: Dark purple staining, U or kidney shaped nuclei
Prevelence: 3-8%
Function:
- Leave circulation, enter the tissues and differentiate into macrophages
- Actively phagocytic cells; crucial against viruses, intracellular bacterial parasites, and chronic infections
- Activate lymphocytes to mount an immune respones
Agranulocytes
Types of Leukocytes
Description, prevelence and major functions: Eosinophils
Description: Nucleus has two lobes (bilobed nucleus) connected by a broad band
Prevelence: 2-4%
Function:
- Red-staining granules contain digestive enzymes
- Release enzymes on large parasitic worms, digesting their surface
- Also play role in allergies and asthma, as well as immune response modulators
Granulocytes
Types of Leukocytes
Description, prevelence and major functions:
Basophils
Description: Nucleus deep purple with one to two constrictions
Large, purplish black (basophilic) granules contain histamine
Prevelence: 0.5 - 1%
Function:
- Histamine: inflammatory chemical that acts as vasodilator (make blood vessels dilate) and attracts WBCs to inflamed sites
- Are functionally similar to mast cells
Granulocytes
Types of Leukocytes: Basophils
Histamine
Inflammatory chemical that acts as vasodilator (make blood vessels dilate) and attracts WBCs to inflamed sites
Leukocytes: Two groups
Granulocytes
Contain visible cytoplasmic granules:
- Neutrophils
- Eosinophils
- Basophils
Roughly spherical; larger,
Characteristically lobed nuclei
Shorter lived than erythrocytes
Leukocytes: Two groups
Agranulocytes
Do not contain visible cytoplasmic granules:
- Lymphocytes (spherical)
- Monocytes (kidney shaped)
Spherical or kidney shaped
List and describe the shape, size, and basic functions of the different classes of leukocytes (WBCs)
- Neutrophil: Multilobed nucleus, defensin form “spears” that pierce holes in membrane of ingested microbe (bacteria slayers)
- Eosinophils: bilobed, release digestive enzymes on parasitic worms, also play role in allergies and asthma
- Basophils: Large purplish black granules contain histamine that acts as vasodilator and attracts WBC to inflammed sites
- Lymphocytes: Critical to immunity; T cells (against virus and tumor cells) and B cells (gives rise to plasma cells, which produce antibodies)
Define leukopenia
Define Leukocytosis
Describe the structure and function of hemoglobin, including its breakdown products.
- Hemoglobin is made up of red heme pigment bound to the protein globin. Globin consists of 4 polypeptide chains - two alpha and two beta - each binding a red ringlike heme. Each heme group bears a iron ion (Fe+2)
- A hemoglobin molecule can transport four molecules of oxygen b/c each iron atom can combine reversibly with one molecule of oxygen
- O2 loading in lungs produces oxyhemoglobin; loading is oxygen binding. Occurs in the lungs and the direction of transport is from the lungs to tissue cells.
- O2 unloading in tissues produces deoxyhemoglobin, or reduced hemoglobin; unloading is oxygen unbinding. Occurs in the body tissues, the released oxygen diffuses from the blood into the tissue fluid into the tissue cells
- CO2 loading in tissues and the direction of transport is from tissues to lungs, where carbon dioxide is eliminated from the body; the carbon dioxide transported in the blood combines with hemoglobin, but it binds to the globin’s amino acids rather than to the heme forming carbaminohemoglobin
Hemoglobin:
Oxyhemoglobin
- O2 loading in lungs
- Occurs in the lungs and the direction of transport is from the lungs to tissue cells
Loading is oxygen binding
Hemoglobin
Deoxyhemoglobin
- Also known as reduced hemoglobin
- O2 unloading in tissues
- Occurs in the body tissues, the released oxygen diffuses from the blood into the tissue fluid into the tissue cells
Unloading is oxygen unbinding
Carbanimohemoglobin
- CO2 loading in tissue
- Direction of transport from tissues to lungs
- Carbon dioxide binds to the globin’s amino acids rather than to the heme
Define hematocrit and state the normal ranges for adult males and females.
- Hematocrit refers to the percentage of whole blood that consists of red blood cells
- Normal hematocrit value for males range from 42-52%
- Normal hematocrit value for females range from 38-47%
Hemoglobin
Globin
Consists of 4 polypeptide chains; two alpha, and two beta - each binding to a red ringlike heme
How much oxygen can a hemoglobin transport and why
- A hemoglobin molecule can transport four molecules of oxygen
- Each iron atom can combine reversibly with one molecule of oxygen
