exam 1 mod 1-7 Flashcards
1
Q
involves gaining knowledge by obeserving events, collecting data, and reasoning logically
A
empirical method
2
Q
structuralist approach
A
Breaking down mental processes: Structuralism aimed to identify the basic components of the mind, such as the sensations and images that make up experiences.
3
Q
Focus on the function of mental processes: Instead of analyzing the basic components of consciousness, functionalism looks at how mental processes work and serve to help people adapt to their environment. For example, functionalists would study how emotions, memory, or perception help individuals respond to their surroundings.
A
functionalist approach
4
Q
psychology began as a science in the discipline of
A
philosophy
5
Q
biological approach
A
The biological approach in psychology focuses on understanding the connection between the brain, nervous system, and behavior. It emphasizes the idea that biological processes, such as genetics, neurochemistry, and brain activity, play a significant role in shaping thoughts, emotions, and behaviors.
6
Q
J.B. Watson and B.F. Skinner believed that
A
psychology should focus on an organisms’ visible interactions with the environment, that is behaviors
7
Q
In his practice, Dr. Wagner stresses the role of unconscious processes and unresolved childhood conflicts that influence an individual’s behavior. Dr. Wagner’s belief aligns with the ________ approach to psychology.
A
psychodynamic
8
Q
Who would have been most likely to rely on the technique of systematic introspection?
A
Wundt
9
Q
according to evolutionary psychologists,
A
human behavior is traceable to problems early humans faced in adapting to their environments.
10
Q
a broad idea or set of closely related ideas that attempts to explain observations and to make predictions about future observations
A
theory
11
Q
Amelia, a researcher, conducts a study and finds that teenage boys in the country of Bodonia prefer to date older girls and keep their relationships confidential. Michael, Amelia’s colleague, tries to reproduce her study to see if he gets the same result. In this scenario, Michael’s act illustrates
A
replication
12
Q
Professor Wong measures the intelligence and temperament of a group of preschoolers. He plans to study the same group of participants over time and collect data when the children are in Grades 3, 6, and 9. This is an example of which type of research design?
A
longitudinal design
13
Q
What research method allows researchers to determine causality?
A
experimental studies
14
Q
Roger thinks that drinking diet coke increases blood pressure, so he randomly assigns people to either drink 10 diet cokes a week or 0 diet cokes a week and then monitors their blood pressure. In this experiment, drinking diet coke is the _________ and blood pressure is the ____________.
A
independent variable; dependent variable
15
Q
I want to know what Purdue undergraduates onsite think about how the Protect Purdue pledge is going. I put the names of all currently registered onsite undergrads into a database and have the computer randomly pick 2,000 names, allowing each name to have an equal shot being chosen. I talk to those 2,000 and then generalize my findings to Purdue undergrads. In this example, the 2,000 people I speak to represents a:
A
sample
16
Q
According to the principle of ________, all participants must know what their participation will involve and what risks might develop.
A
informed consent
17
Q
Abe and Carla are psychologists who believe that people have free will and can make choices based on higher human values. Abe and Carla’s views reflect the ________ approach to psychology.
A
humanistic
18
Q
A researcher is interested in breastfeeding and the health of infants. She gets a list of 10,000 women from Indiana hospitals who have all given birth to a baby anywhere from 12-18 months ago, and then randomly samples 2,000 of them to call and ask to participate in a survey. She is left with 1,500 willing particpants. She asks them whether they exclusively breastfed their babies for at least the first 6 months of their lives or not. She then asks many questions about the child’s health over the past 12-18 months and compiles their answers into an overall health score. She discovers that the breastfeeders have healthier babies, on average.
what kind of design is this?
A
quasi-experimental design
19
Q
within-subjects design
A
A within-subjects design (also known as a repeated measures design) is an experimental research design where the same group of participants is exposed to all conditions of the experiment. This approach allows researchers to compare how participants respond to different conditions within the same group, making it a useful design for controlling for individual differences.
20
Q
Today, psychologists use the scientific method to study both…
A
directly observable behavior and mental processes
21
Q
True or false: Freud commonly used the technique of “‘systematic introspection”.
A
false
22
Q
the term “plasticity” refers to the brain’s
A
special capacity for change
23
Q
a layer of fat cells that insulates most axons and speeds up the transmission of nerve impulses.
A
myelin sheath
24
Q
Normally, when a neuron is not transmitting information and a slight negative charge is present on the inside of the cell membrane, the neuron is said to be
A
resting
25
According to the all-or-nothing principle, once the electrical impulse reaches a certain level of intensity, it fires and moves all the way down the axon without...
losing any intensity
26
limbic system is part of the...
forebrain
27
Nathan is suffering from amnesia, an illness that prevents the retrieval of new memories. In the context of the organization of the brain, which area of Nathan's brain is most likely responsible for the amnesia?
hippocampus
28
The ________ is part of the forebrain, the outer layer of the brain, and is responsible for the most complex mental functions, such as thinking and planning.
cerebral cortex
29
As a result of a brain injury after an accident, James lost his vision. Which of the following regions of James's cerebral cortex is most likely to be damaged?
occipital lobe
30
The ________ are involved in personality, intelligence, and the control of voluntary muscles.
frontal lobes
31
the brain's ability to pull information together
integration
32
essential body functions under the control of the autonomic nervous system
functions of heart rate, breathing, and digestion
33
consists of a set of glands that regulate the activities of certain organs by releasing their chemical products into the bloodstream
endrocrine system
34
cells in the nervous system that handles the information-processing function
neurons
35
treelike fibers which receive information and orient it toward the neuron's cell body
dendrites
36
the brain and spinal cord make up the
central nervous system
37
somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system are components of the
peripheral nervous system
38
motor nerves
tell muscles what to do
39
which nervous system is primarily responsible for the "fight-or-flight" reaction
sympathetic
40
physiological relaxation can be best attributed to the functioning of which nervous system?
parasympathetic
41
depression is associated with low levels of which neurotransmitter?
serotonin
42
involves creating a magnetic field around a person's body and using radio waves to construct images of the person's tissues and biochemical activities
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
43
problems with sleep and arousal is most likely caused by the poor functioning of the...
pons
43
which part of the nervous system regulated breathing and heart rate?
medulla
44
damage to what part of the brain is most likely to cause someone with the inability to experience sexual pleasure?
hypothalamus
45
If you had damage in _______, you might not be able to tell me about what you learned, even if your ______ was functioning fine (and you thus comprehended the lecture).
Broca's area; Wernicke's area
46
Thinking about the minimum parental investment necessary for a biological offspring to survive, as an explanation of sex differences in mating strategies, is an example of:
an evolutionary explanation for the Clark/Hatfield results
47
In the human cell, threadlike structures that come in 23 pairs, one member of each pair originating from each parent, and that contain DNA are called
chromosomes
48
twin studies reveal that IQ tends to be:
pretty strongly heritable, compared to other traits psychologists study
49
Ali is learning how to read Spanish by speaking aloud one letter at a time. Ali is engaging in which of the following?
bottom-up processing
50
When the volume is initially low, raising it by five decibels is highly noticeable. However, when the volume is initially high, increasing it by five decibels does not result in a noticeable change in sound. This phenomenon is best explained by
Weber's law
51
differences in shades can be attributed to the ________ of light that are reflected
wavelengths
52
colored part of the eye that contains muscles that control the size of the pupil
iris
53
vision in low light conditions
depends on the rods
54
the area on the retina where the optic nerve leaves the eye on its way to the brain, and it contains neither rods nor cones
blind spot
55
the principle by which we organize the perceptual field into stimuli that stand out and those that are left over.
figure-ground relationship
56
In the context of examples of monocular cues, what cue involves changes in perception due to the position of the light and the position of the viewer?
shading
57
Derek watches an airplane that is flying. The plane seems to get smaller as it goes farther away. Which aspects of perceptual constancy allows Derek to understand that the airplane is not getting smaller?
size constancy
58
The primary function of the ________ is to collect sounds and channel them into the interior of the ear.
pinna
59
in _______, we detect mechanical energy, or pressure against the skin
touch
60
The multilayered light-sensitive surface in the eye that records electromagnetic energy and converts it to neural impulses for processing in the brain
retina
61
process of detecting stimuli in the environment is called
sensation
62
Mark's leg muscles adjusting to his running schedule best illustrates:
sensory adaptation
63
Which of the following explains the increased ease with which people can read the word when they have the context provided by the rest of the sentence?
top-down processing
64
A treatment for people who have lost a limb and are experiencing phantom pain in the missing limb.
mirror-image therapy
65
a person who experiences the sense of taste with great intensity: for example, potentially showing an increased sensitivity to bitter tastes
supertaster
66
According to the place theory of pitch perception, pitch is partially determined by:
the location of the activated hair cells on the basilar membrane
67
According to the trichromatic theory of color vision, the primary colors associated with the stimulation of cones on the retina are:
red, blue, green
68
Dave associates various notes in the musical scale with colors (when he hears middle C on the piano, he sees red). Dave has:
synaesthesia
69
What colors oppose each other in opponent process theory?
blue-yellow
white-black
green-red
70
The fact that your finger appears to jump back and forth when you hold it close to your face and close first just your left eye and then just your right eye is an illustration of:
retinal disparity
71
The McGurk effect illustrates that:
sight impacts our speech perception
71
________ is a state of being conscious of what is going on, whereas ________ is a physiological state of being engaged with the environment.
awareness;arousal
72
refers to individuals' understanding that they and others think, feel, perceive, and have private experiences
theory of mind
73
Michael, a college student, recently purchased a new smartphone. He was reading the user manual for the smartphone and did not pay attention to his friend who was talking to him. In the context of the levels of awareness, Michael's state of focused awareness best illustrates the idea of
controlled processes
74
The biological cycle that regulates people's pattern of sleep is called a
circadian rhythm
75
While attending a lecture, Lea starts yawning and fights hard to stay awake. She reclines in her chair and within minutes she falls asleep with her head jerking upward at short intervals. Lea is in
stage N1 sleep
76
Sleep spindles are defining characteristic of ________ sleep.
stage N2
77
Night terrors typically occur
during non-REM sleep
78
Grandpa is napping in his recliner, snoring loudly, when suddenly he stops snoring. You look to see if he woke up, but he is still asleep and appears to not be breathing. For a moment you wonder if he's dead, but suddenly he snorts and resumes snoring. Grandpa is displaying signs of
sleep apnea
79
Dreams result from the brain's attempts to....
find logic in random brain activity that occurs during sleep
80
The fact that your mother experiences headaches when she discontinues the use of caffeine is an example of
physical dependence
81
Drug addiction occurs when
physical and/or psychological dependence develops
82
Tranquilizers and alcohol are
depressants
83
depress the central nervous system's activity
opioids
84
boost in energy and a sense of well-being, increased activity in CNS
stimulant
85
Hilgard's view that hypnosis involves a splitting of consciousness into two separate components, one of which follows the hypnotist's commands and the other of which acts as a "hidden observer," is known as
the divided consciousness view of hypnosis
86
In meditation, a meditator is mindfully present to his or her thoughts and feelings but is NOT...
consumed by them
87
Oliver, a student, is stressed about the semester and frequently unable to fall asleep. Even if he falls asleep, he often wakes up during the night or wakes up too early. In this scenario, which of the following disorders is the cause of Oliver's condition?
insomnia
88
Somebody dialing a phone number that have dialed many times before (and have memorized) would be an example of executing a task at which level of consciousness?
lower level
89
A two year old would normally ____ a false-belief task, thus demonstrating _______.
fail; they have no theory of mind
90
The brain wave patterns that appear during REM sleep are most like those that are present in individuals who are:
awake and alert
91
Mary takes part in an experiment where she wears a special set of headphones that plays different messages in each ear. The researchers ask her to listen to and repeat just the message that she hears in her left ear as it played. Based on the results of similar studies, it is likely that Mary will:
be able to successfully repeat just the message in her left ear while tuning out the content in her right ear (and later will consciously recall the message in the left ear but not the right ear)
92
Joe needs to reply to 2 emails from family members and complete a one page written response for his English class. He sits down and opens up both windows on his computer and writes a couple sentences for his paper, then works on one of his emails, then clicks back to his paper, going back and forth. Mary has to accomplish the very same tasks, but she first writes her one page paper in its entirety, and then answers her emails. Based on research we discussed in class, which is likely?
Mary will complete her two tasks faster than Joe, since she does not have added "switching time" costs associated with trying to multi-task.
93
Lorenzo, a student, is in the process of finding a solution to a math problem. He struggles to solve the problem until an idea pops into his head that helps him find the solution. Which of the following levels of awareness is best illustrated in this scenario?
subconscious awareness
94
Which of the following refers to the detection of information below the level of conscious awareness?
subliminal perception
95
Lauren is at the airport waiting to board her flight. She initiates a friendly conversation with another passenger. Despite the noise at the airport and multiple announcements being made at the same time, Lauren is able to focus on the passenger's voice. This scenario best demonstrates the
cocktail-party effect
96
Which of the following methods of studying the brain involves recording the brain's electrical activity by placing electrodes on the scalp to detect brain-wave activity?
electroencephalograph (EEG)
97
Which part of the nervous system regulates breathing and heart rate?
medulla
98
The ________ is a set of subcortical brain structures central to emotion, memory, and reward processing.
limbic system
99
Dr. Badal, a psychologist, is studying achievement motivation among groups of African American, Latino, and Asian American people. In this scenario, Dr. Badal is most likely practicing the ________ approach to psychology.
sociocultural
100
Dr. Okawa is interested in studying the effect that neurological trauma can have on short-term memory. He collects detailed information from a small number of individuals who have experienced brain damage. Using information provided by medical records, interviews, and observations, he attempts to create an in-depth portrait of each individual. What type of research method was used in this study?
case study
101
Keisha wants to study the association between sleep deprivation and the number of hours spent on a computer every day. She is not keen to establish causation, but would like to determine whether and how the increase or decrease in one variable is related to the increase or decrease in the other variable. Which of the following research methods is likely to be most effective for Keisha's study?
correlational research
102
Cognitive psychology is the study of
mental processes
103
Basketball, football, baseball, and soccer all fit into the ________ of sports.
concept
104
Which of the following is the first step in the problem-solving process?
finding and framing problems
105
You have to host a dinner party for 30 people on Saturday. Your apartment is a mess and your clothes need to be washed. You decide to do your laundry on Thursday, buy the groceries on Friday, clean the apartment on Saturday in the morning, and prepare the dinner on Saturday evening. Solving the problem of hosting the dinner party in this way is an example of
subgoaling
106
Claudia plans to cook her mother's famous lasagna. She carefully follows her mother's recipe to ensure that the dish turns out correctly. In this case, Claudia is using a(n)
algorithm
107
People often form general rules and concepts based on specific experiences and examples. This type of reasoning is known as
inductive reasoning
108
In the context of loss aversion, identify a true statement about sunk-cost fallacy.
people are reluctant to give up on a venture because of past investment
109
The fact that we hear about examples of individual airplane crashes on news more often than we hear about automobile crashes may lead us to believe that we are more likely to die in a plane than a car. This is an example of
the availability heuristic
110
By comparing Drake to her idea of the "typical" basketball player to estimate the likelihood that he plays basketball, Hillary is using the __(1)____. By failing to factor in how common basketball players are in the student population to begin with, Hillary is demostrating __(2)____.
(1) the representativeness heuristic, (2) base rate neglect or the base rate fallacy
111
Lionel is the CEO of a company that is going through a financial crisis. He asks his employees to brainstorm and create a list of all possible solutions to revive the company's business. In this scenario, Lionel is asking his employees to engage in
divergent thinking
112
A six-year-old child with a mental age of 6 would have an IQ of
100
113
An effect of the environment on intelligence is evident in rapidly increasing intelligence quotient (IQ) test scores around the world. This phenomenon is called
the Flynn effect
114
Jamal is trying to solve a Rubik's cube (he has to get all the squares of the same color together on each side of the cube). It's exceedingly difficult and he has worked on it for two weeks and not been able to solve it. A Rubik's cube is an example of:
a well-defined problem
115
Heuristics differ from algorithms in that heuristics
do not guarantee an answer
116
Erin realizes that for the 40 minutes that she kept looking for the hammer (and failed to consider using the rocks), she was experiencing:
functional-fixedness
117
Which of the following is true of type 1 processing?
it is faster than type 2 processing
118
If an intelligence test produces the same score over multiple repetitions but it doesn't accurately measure intelligence, then the test is ________ but not ________.
reliable; valid
119
In the United States, intelligence is generally defined as
an all-purpose ability to do well on cognitive tasks, to solve problems, and to learn from experience
120
While he certainly did not just accept the starting price (he made some changes away from that starting point), his final agreed upon price (or final estimate of the car's value) was still biased/influenced by the first number he heard. John is relying on the:
anchoring and adjustment heuristic
121
What bias does the famous study involving the teachers and supposedly gifted students demonstrate? (Remember, in this study teachers were told that some students were gifted and some were not, when in fact there was no truth to this information)
confirmation bias
122
--"Roger is ridiculously rich" and "Roger wears designer clothes" are both on the list of things that are true about Roger.
Most people would say the last bold, underlined statement is the most likely of the three to be true. By choosing the last statement, people are engaging in:
the conjunction error
123
In terms of intelligence, a single underlying general ability that would impact a person's performance on all types of tests (such as math tests, verbal reasoning tests, abstract reasoning tests, etc.) would be called:
g
124
The famous disease problem administered by Tversky and Kahneman demonstrated that:
People's preferences often depend on how the decision options are framed - they are more likely to choose the risky option when things are framed in terms of how much will be lost instead of how much will be gained
125
what is true of shallow processing in memory?
physical features are analyzed in the process of shallow processing
126
what is a feature of the deepest level of processing in memory?
it involves thinking about the meaning of a stimulus
127
Your roommate is having difficulty in his chemistry class. He asks you for advice on how to improve his memory of the material. You suggest that rather than trying to memorize the definitions, he should learn the concept by coming up with real-world examples. You tell him to work on making links between new information and everything he already knows. Which of the following memory strategies are you recommending to your roommate?
elaboration
128
________ states that memory storage involves three separate systems: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
The Atkinson-Shiffrin theory
129
How long does information last in sensory memory?
a fraction of a second to several seconds
130
When you are asked to recall your first day of kindergarten, you rely on ________, whereas when you are asked to recall the name of a person you just met a few seconds ago, you rely on ________.
long-term memory; short-term memory
131
When asked to memorize the 15 letters, C I A C B S A B C F B I I R S, Mary reorganizes them into CIA, CBS, ABC, FBI, and IRS. Mary used the tactic of
chunking
132
Identify a statement that accurately differentiates between short-term memory and working memory.
Measures of working memory capacity are strongly related to cognitive aptitudes, whereas measures of short-term memory capacity are hardly related to cognitive aptitudes
133
Emma recounting the events in a movie that she saw last Friday illustrates the use of _______ memory
explicit
134
Best friends Kate and Diana are at the park, watching their children play together. Kate reminds Diana about the time that they had a big fight on the same playground as children and didn't talk to each other for almost a week. In the context of long-term memory, Kate's recollection of this event best exemplifies the use of her ________ memory.
episodic
135
Jacob asks his little brother Boris to play a game of chess with him. As Boris has never played chess before, Jacob explains the rules of the game to him. What type of long-term memory has primarily helped Jacob to recount his knowledge of chess to Boris?
semantic memory
136
________ is the activation of information that people already have in storage to help them remember new information better and faster.
priming
137
Jeremiah, an eight-year-old boy, did not learn to tie his shoelaces until he was six years old. Now, he ties them expertly while talking to others and without looking at his feet. Such skills are associated with ________ memory.
procedural
138
A man is asked to listen to a playlist of songs and recall their names after listening to the entire playlist. He seems to better recall the names of the songs at the beginning of the playlist. In the context of the serial position effect, which of the following best illustrates his tendency to recall the songs at the beginning of the playlist?
the primary effect
139
Multiple choice exams involve testing a student's ________ abilities, whereas essay exams involve testing ________ abilities.
recognition; recall
140
Elaine is writing a paper about reactions to the tragedy that occurred at the Twin Towers on September 11, 2001. She interviews 10 of her classmates and asks them to remember that day. She is surprised to learn that nearly all of the students she interviewed offer very detailed, vivid accounts of where they were and what they were doing when they first learned of the terrorist attacks. Elaine has discovered that most of her classmates have ________ of September 11, 2001.
a flashbulb memory
141
Belinda and John were best friends through their school years. Belinda now works in a café and has become good friends with her colleague, Jim. However, Belinda often finds herself referring to Jim as John, even though she has not spoken to John for at least four years. Belinda's confusion with these names may be attributed to the occurrence of
proactive inference
142
You are taking both a Spanish and a French course this semester. As you study the vocabulary words for your French test, you realize that the French words are disrupting the memory of the Spanish vocabulary words you studied last week. This is an example of
retroactive interference
143
Somebody reading a paragraph in a textbook for the first time is an example of ______.
encoding
144
The Robert Cotton case demonstrates that which of the following is the best approach to use with eye-witnesses to crimes (if we want to preserve/trust their memories?)
eye witnesses should be asked to identify a suspect by looking at pictures one at a time on a computer, comparing each one to their memory with a "yes" or "no" and not knowing when the presentation of photos will end. An officer who knows nothing about the details of the case should be present.
145
Which of the following is true of divided attention in the context of memory encoding?
Divided attention can be especially detrimental to the process of encoding informatiion
146
According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin theory, which of the following memory systems has a time frame of up to 30 seconds?
short-term memory
147
If all of the information on the hard drive of your computer is like long-term memory, then ________, like Random Access Memory (RAM), is comparable to what you actually have open and active at any given moment.
working memory
148
Based on our reading and class discussion, which of the following statements related to schemas is most accurate/true?
When new information enters long-term memory, it is often organized in light of pre-existing schemas, which are mental concepts or frameworks that are frequently used to fill in gaps between fragmented memories.
149
Iconic memory is another term for a person's
visual sensory memory
150
Research has revealed that:
flashbulb memories are not always as accurate as we feel them to be.
