Exam 1 MC

Question 1

Introspectionism

The study of _________ mental events by “introspecting” or “looking within”

Involves observation and recording of one’s own ________ and __________

Answer 1

Introspectionism

The study of conscious mental events by “introspecting” or “looking within”

Involves observation and recording of one’s own thoughts and experiences

Question 2

Problems with introspectionism

• _________: one person’s impressions are often very
different from another’s

• __________: lack of public access to introspections

• _________ __ ______________: Many interesting mental events are unconscious
• e.g., memory retrieval, or visual processes that lead to
perceptual illusions

• Provides access to ________ of thinking, rather than
the ___________ that underlie it

Answer 2

Problems with introspectionism

• Variability: one person’s impressions are often very
different from another’s

• Verification: lack of public access to introspections

• Reliance on consciousness: Many interesting mental
events are unconscious
• e.g., memory retrieval, or visual processes that lead to
perceptual illusions

• Provides access to products of thinking, rather than
the processes that underlie it

Question 3

Case of mistaken introspections

People’s judgments of how “close” they were to solving the problem were actually ______ for those who were about to give the _________ _______

Answer 3

Case of mistaken introspections

People’s judgments of how “close” they were to solving the problem were actually higher for those who were about to give the **incorrect answer **

Question 4

Behaviorism

• Behaviorists wanted to restrict psychology to truly ________, __________ data
• the mind is like a _____ ___: contents cannot be observed scientifically
• thus, behaviorists concentrated on understanding the relationships between _______ and _________
• emphasis on what can be directly observed (______, __________, ____________/_______)
• The goal was to _______ ________

Answer 4

Behaviorism

• Behaviorists wanted to restrict psychology to truly objective, observable data
• the mind is like a black box: contents cannot be observed scientifically
• thus, behaviorists concentrated on understanding the relationships between stimulus and response
• emphasis on what can be directly observed (stimuli, responses, reinforcements/rewards)
• The goal was to predict behavior

Question 5

Problems with behaviorism

• Can’t account for ______ and _______ of human behavior
• no insight into __________ mechanisms of cognition
• _______ science to observable things is a bad idea (who’s ever seen an electron?)

Answer 5

Problems with behaviorism

• Can’t account for creativity and diversity of human behavior
• no insight into underlying mechanisms of cognition
• limiting science to observable things is a bad idea (who’s ever seen an electron?)

Question 6

Cognitive approach

• Infer what’s going on inside (the mind)
• study of the structures and processes of the mind and brain that take in, transform, and use information
• sensory information is raw unprocessed physical stimuli affecting our sensory organs
• representations are copies of these sensory data that are stored and manipulated by our minds into something meaningful and interpretable

Question 7

Cells in the brain

• ________: process information
• ____: “Support cells”

Answer 7

Cells in the brain

• Neurons: process information
• Glia: “Support cells”

Question 8

Parts of a neuron

• ________: detect incoming signals
• ____ ____: nucleus and cellular machinery
• ____: transmits signals to other neurons

Answer 8

Parts of a neuron

• Dendrites: detect incoming signals
• cell body: nucleus and cellular machinery
• axon: transmits signals to other neurons

Question 9

Types of neurons

• _______ _______: receive signals directly from sensory organs
• ______ ________: project two muscles to control movement
• ____________: receive signals from and send signals to other neurons

Answer 9

Types of neurons

• Sensory neurons: receive signals directly from sensory organs
• motor neurons: project two muscles to control movement
• interneurons: receive signals from and send signals to other neurons

Question 10

Limbic system

L

E

M

Answer 10

Limbic system

Learning and memory

emotions

motivation

Question 11

Basal ganglia

M

M

Answer 11

basal ganglia

motor control

monitor other aspects of movement

Question 12

Recording electrical activity of neurons

1. 2.

Answer 12

Recording electrical activity of neurons

1. Electroencephalogram (EEG)
2. Event-related potentials (ERPs)

Question 13

Object recognition

Visual system infers:

1. ______ _______ (e.g. man, women, child)
2. ______ _______ of scene
3. _________ __ _______ (i.e. color or texture)

Answer 13

Object recognition

Visual system infers:

1. Object identities (e.g. man, women, child)
2. Spatial layout of scene
3. properties of surfaces (i.e. color or texture)