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Gross Anatomy II > Exam 1 Material > Flashcards

Exam 1 Material Flashcards

1
Q

What is parietal regarding?

A

relating to the lining of a cavity

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2
Q

What is visceral regarding?

A

relating to the covering of an organ

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3
Q

What is pleura regarding?

A

lungs

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4
Q

What is pericardial regarding?

A

heart

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5
Q

What is peritoneum regarding?

A

abdominal organs

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6
Q

What is the motor innervation to the muscles of the face?

A

cranial nerve VII facial nerve

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7
Q

What is the sensory innervation to the face?

A

cranial nerve V trigeminal nerve

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8
Q

What are the three branches of the trigeminal nerve?

A

Ophthalmic nerve, maxillary nerve, mandibular nerve

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9
Q

Which branch of the trigeminal nerve goes to the scalp and face?

A

Ophthalmic nerve

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10
Q

Which branch of the trigeminal nerve goes to the cheek and area lateral to the orbit?

A

Maxillary nerve

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11
Q

Which branch of the trigeminal nerve goes to the chin and temporal region?

A

Mandibular nerve

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12
Q

Name the 5 subdivisions of the ophthalmic nerve.

A

Supraorbital Supratrochlear External Nasal Infratrochlear Lacrimal

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13
Q

Name the 3 subdivisions of the maxillary nerve.

A

Zygomaticotemporal Zygomaticofacial Infraorbital

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14
Q

Name the 3 subdivisions of the mandibular nerve.

A

Auriculotemporal Buccal Mental

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15
Q

What is the most frequent injured nerve due to a blow to the face?

A

Infraorbital nerve

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16
Q

What area is buccal nerve?

A

Chin

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17
Q

What area is mental nerve?

A

Cheek

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18
Q

Define Trigeminal Neuralgia (Tic Douloureux)

A

Sudden attacks of severe pain occurring on areas of sensory distribution of trigeminal nerve Due to touch, unknown cause,

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19
Q

Where does Trigeminal Neuralgia typically occur?

A

Most common in maxillary division Second most common in mandibular division Least common in ophthalmic division

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20
Q

What is the sensory innervation to the posterior aspect of the neck and scalp?

A

posterior dorsal primary rami of cervical nerve 2-4

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21
Q

What does the greater occipital nerve (primary ramus of C2) supply?

A

occipital region

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22
Q

What does the third occipital nerve (primary ramus of C3) supply?

A

upper part of the back of the neck

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23
Q

What does the posterior primary ramus of C4 supply?

A

lower part of the back of the neck

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24
Q

Important Note on C1

A

no posterior root carrying sensory fibers as it is strictly motor nerve

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25
Q

What is the sensory innervation to the anterior and lateral aspect of the neck?

A

anterior ventral primary rami of cervical nerves 2-4

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26
Q

What forms the cervical plexus?

A

anterior primary rami of C1-C4 C5-C8 supply sensory skin of upper arm

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27
Q

What are the 4 sensory branches of the cervical plexus?

A

Lesser occipital C2, Great auricular C2-C3, Transverse cervical C2-C3, and Supraclavicular C3-C4

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28
Q

What supplies the lateral part of the occipital region, posterior to the ear?

A

Lesser occipital nerve C2

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29
Q

What supplies the angle of the mandible, and inferior to the ear, and is accompanied by the external jugular vein?

A

Great auricular nerve C2-C3

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30
Q

What supplies the anterior surface of the neck and throat areas?

A

Transverse cervical nerve C2-C3

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31
Q

What supplies the lateral surface of the neck?

A

Supraclavicular nerve C3-C4

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32
Q

How many branches are there from the supraclavicular nerve?

A

3 branches

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33
Q

What are the branches of the supraclavicular nerve?

A

Medial supraclavicular nerve Intermediate supraclavicular nerve Lateral supraclavicular nerve

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34
Q

Where does the cervical plexus carry motor fibers too?

A

infrahyoid strap muscles

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35
Q

Where do the motor fibers in the cervical plexus arise from?

A

Ansa Cervicalis Loop

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36
Q

What are the parts of the Ansa Cervicalis?

A

Superior root C1-C2 (hypoglossal nerve) and inferior root C2-C3 (cervical nerve)

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37
Q

What cervicals does the Ansa Cervicalis contain?

A

C1, C2, C3

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38
Q

What infrahyoid muscles are supplied by C1-C3?

A

sternohyoid, sternothyroid, and omohyoid

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39
Q

What infrahyoid muscle is only supplied from C1 fibers of the hypoglossal nerve?

A

thryohyoid

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40
Q

Where does the phrenic nerve originate from?

A

C3, C4, C5

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41
Q

What nerve is the motor supply to the diaphragm and the sensory to the thorax and abdomen?

A

phrenic nerve

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42
Q

Where is the phrenic nerve typically found?

A

anterior surface of the anterior scalene muscle on the neck running down vertically into the thorax

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43
Q

Platysma

A

o: superficial fascia over pectoralis major and deltoid i: lower border of mandible and angle over mouth n: cervical branch of facial nerve of pharyngeal arch 2 f: depresses mandible and draws down corner of mouth

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44
Q

Sternocleidomastoid

A

o: sternal head in front of manubrium, clavicular head of medial 3rd of clavicle i: lateral surface mastoid process, lateral half of superior nuchal line n: accessory nerve f: chief flexor of head

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45
Q

Define Torticollis

A

Pathological contraction of SCM, which the head is tilted toward and face is turned away from affected side

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46
Q

What are the 3 types of Torticollis?

A

Congenital, muscular, and spasmodic

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47
Q

What is congenital torticollis?

A

fibrous tissue tumor that develops at or shortly before birth

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48
Q

What is muscular torticollis?

A

due to birth injury

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49
Q

What is spasmodic torticollis?

A

occurs in adults due to abnormal toxicity (responds well to chiropractic care)

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50
Q

Trapezius

A

o: external occipital protuberance, ligament nuchal, and spinous process of 7th cervical vertebrae i: lateral 3rd of clavicle, spine of scapula, and acromion process n: accessory nerve, C3-C4 of cervical plexus f: upper portion elevates, middle portion retracts, and lower portion depresses scapula

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51
Q

Which muscles functions in scapulohumeral rhythm?

A

Trapezius

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52
Q

What does the external jugular vein drain?

A

face and scalp, as well as cerebral blood

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53
Q

What forms the external jugular vein?

A

by the retromandibular vein and posterior auricular vein below the parotid gland

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54
Q

What is the path of the external jugular vein?

A

runs downward and backward along the lateral surface of the SCM and empties into the subclavian vein

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55
Q

Name the tributaries of the external jugular vein?

A

retromandibular, posterior auricular, posterior external jugular, anterior jugular, transverse cervical, and suprascapular veins

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56
Q

Why is the prominence or absence of external jugular vein so important?

A

when venous pressure is normal, the vein is nearly invisible. In congestive heart failure/obstruction, it becomes prominent. Opera singers bagpipe payers develop prominence due to increased intrathoracic pressure

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57
Q

Important note on congestive heart failure.

A

it is not a heart attack, but a chronic condition, that weakens the ventricular walls, affecting blood flow obstruction of superior vena cava due to enlarged neoplasms causes cardiac sac to fill with fluid/blood compressing the vein

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58
Q

True or False: superficial lymph nodes are found along the external jugular vein, above the SCM

A

True

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59
Q

Where are the two triangles of the neck?

A

Anterior - in front of SCM Posterior - behind SCM

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60
Q

What are the boundaries of the Posterior Triangle?

A

ant: posterior border of SCM post: anterior border of trapezius inf: superior border of middle 3rd of clavicle

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61
Q

Where are the important visceral structures of the neck found?

A

anterior triangle of the neck

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62
Q

What are the boundaries of the Anterior Triangle?

A

sup: inferior border of mandible ant: anterior midline post: anterior border of SCM

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63
Q

Where does the apex of the anterior triangle lie?

A

inferiorly at the jugular notch

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64
Q

What forms the roof of the anterior triangle?

A

investing layer of the deep cervical fascia, superficial cervical fascia, and the platysma

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65
Q

What forms the floor of the anterior triangle?

A

4 subdivisions: submental triangle submandibular triangle carotid triangle muscular triangle

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66
Q

Submental Triangle

A

UNPAIRED L and R anterior bellies of digastric and body of hyoid bone floor is the mylohyoid muscle contains minor veins and lymph nodes

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67
Q

Submandibular Triangle

A

inferior border of mandible, anterior and posterior bellies of digastric and floor is the mylohyoid and hyoglossus muscles

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68
Q

What are the contents of the submandibular triangle?

A

contains submandibular, parotid, and sublingual glands, internal carotid artery, facial artery, internal jugular vein, glossopharyngeal nerve and vagus nerve

69
Q

Which is the largest salivary gland to smallest salivary gland in order?

A

Submandibular (largest) Parotid Sublingual (smallest)

70
Q

Important note on the submandibular triangle

A

Use cation when palpating/adjusting this area, there are many vital neuromuscular structures found here so be gentle

71
Q

Carotid Triangle

A

posterior belly of digastric, superior belly of omohyoid, and anterior border of SCM floor is portions of thryohyoid, hyoglossus, and inferior/middle constrictor muscles (swallowing) Common carotid artery bifurcates here

72
Q

What are the contents of the carotid triangle?

A

contains parts of common and internal carotid arteries, external carotid artery, and superior thyroid artery, lingual artery, and facial artery corresponding tributaries of the internal jugular vein

73
Q

Muscular Triangle

A

superior belly of omohyoid, anterior midline of neck, and anterior border of SCM floor is posterior layer of pretracheal fascia

74
Q

What are the contents of the muscular triangle?

A

contains sternohyoid and sternothyroid muscles, thyroid gland, trachea, and esophagus

75
Q

Where is the hyoid bone located?

A

between mandible and larynx, acting as a point of attachment for muscles

76
Q

True or False: the hyoid bone articulates with other bones.

A

False, it doesn’t articulate with any other bones

77
Q

What are the parts of the hyoid bone?

A

Body Greater Horn Lesser Horn

78
Q

What 4 ribbon like muscles function is to primarily move the hyoid bone and larynx?

A

infrahyoid muscles: omohyoid sternohyoid sternothyroid thryohyoid

79
Q

Which 2 infrahyoid muscles make up the superficial layer?

A

omohyoid and sternohyoid muscles

80
Q

Which 2 infrahyoid muscles make up the deep layer?

A

sternothyroid and thryohyoid muscles

81
Q

What bony feature of the hyoid bone is yellow?

A

body

82
Q

What bony feature of the hyoid bone is pink?

A

Lesser horn

83
Q

What bony feature of the hyoid bone is blue?

A

Greater horn

84
Q

What nerve is the pink box pointing to?

A

Great Auricular Nerve

85
Q

What nerve is the blue box point to?

A

Transverse Cervical Nerve

86
Q

What nerve is the green box point to?

A

Inferior root of Ansa Cervicalis

87
Q

What nerve is the red box point to?

A

Supraclavicular Nerve

88
Q

What nerve is the orange box point to?

A

Phrenic Nerve

89
Q

What nerve is the purple box point to?

A

Lesser Occipital Nerve

90
Q

Identify the dark green box

A

Ophthalmic Nerve

91
Q

Identify the yellow box

A

Zygomaticotemporal Nerve

92
Q

Identify the pink box

A

Supratrochlear Nerve

93
Q

Identify the dark purple box

A

Supraorbital nerve

94
Q

Identify the teal box

A

Infratrochlear Nerve

95
Q

Identify the navy blue box

A

Maxillary Nerve

96
Q

Identify the light purple box

A

External Nasal Nerve

97
Q

Identify the dark red box

A

Infraorbital Nerve

98
Q

Identify the black box

A

Zygomaticofacial Nerve

99
Q

Identify the gray box

A

Mental Nerve

100
Q

Identify the aqua box

A

Buccal Nerve

101
Q

Identify the light green box

A

Mandibular Nerve

102
Q

Identify the white box

A

Transverse Cervical Nerve

103
Q

Identify the brown box

A

Great Auricular Nerve

104
Q

Identify the light pink box

A

Lesser Occipital Nerve

105
Q

Identify the light red box

A

Third Occipital Nerve

106
Q

Identify the light blue box

A

Auriculotemporal Nerve

107
Q

Identify the orange box

A

Greater Occipital Nerve

108
Q

Omohyoid Muscle

A

O: inferior belly of omohyoid originates from the upper border of scapula, ends in an intermediate tendon located deep to teh sternocleidomastoid. Superior belly of omohyoid extends upward from this tendon

I: body of teh hyoid bone

N: ansa cervicalis C1-C3

F: depresses hydoid bone adn larynx

109
Q

Sternohyoid Muscle

A

O: posterior surface of teh manubrium, adn medial en dof clavicle

I: body of hyoid bone

N: ansa cervicalis C1-C3

F: depresses hyoid bone and larynx

110
Q

Sternothyroid Muscle

A

O: posterior surface of manubrium, inferior to origin of sternohyoid

I: oblique line on the lamina of thryoid cartilage

N: ansa cervicalis C1-C3

F: depresses larynx

111
Q

Thryohyoid Muscle

A

O: oblique line on the lamina of thyroid cartilage

I: body of hyoid bone

N: C1 through hypoglossal nerve

F: depresses hyoid bone

112
Q

Why do all the muscles depress the hyoid bone and larynx?

A

Swallowing (MOST IMPORTANT)

Speech

Breathing

If hyoid is fixed, digastric depresses the manible

113
Q

True or False: cervical fascia is part of the deep structure of the neck

A

True

114
Q

What does cervical fascia surround and support?

A

superficial and deep structures of neck

115
Q

What are the two major layers of cervical fascia?

A

superficial fascia and deep fascia

116
Q

What are the four divisions of the deep cervical fascia?

A

Investing layer of deep cervical fascia

Pretracheal fascia

Prevertebral fascia

Carotid sheath

117
Q

What muscle does the superifical fascia of the neck enclose?

A

the platysma, adn contains cutaneous nerves, superifical veins, and lymph nodes

118
Q

Which of the 4 divisions of deep fascia are unpaired?

A

Investing layer, pretracheal, and prevertebral

119
Q
A
120
Q

Which of the 4 divisons of deep fascia is unpaired?

A

Carotid sheath

121
Q

What does the investing layer enlcose?

A

SCM and trapezius

122
Q

What does teh pretracheal fascia enclose?

A

thryoid gland, trachea, adn esophagus

123
Q

What does the prevertebral fascia layer enclose?

A

vertebral column and deep muscles of the back

124
Q

Where does the carotid sheath extend to?

A

From base of skull to root of neck

125
Q

What structures are found within the carotid sheath?

A

common carotid artery

internal carotid artery

internal jugular vein

vagus nerve

deep cervical lymph nodes

126
Q

What is the functional significance of fascial layers?

A

they function to provide a slippery surface to reduce friction during gross movemnts of head and neck, and during swallowing

Adhesions can cause neck pain (can be treated with myofascial release)

May serve as channel for infection, pretracheal may allow infection to spread from head and neck to mediastinum directly, and cancer involving deep cervical lymph nodes can compress internal jugular vein

127
Q

What are the boundaries of the superior thoracic aperture?

A

first thoracic vertebra, first ribs and their cartilage, and manubrium of sternum

128
Q

What shape is teh superior thoracic aperture?

A

kidney shaped

129
Q

Name the structures that pass through the aperture

A

brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery, left subclavian artery, internal thoracic artery

brachiocephalic vein

phrenic nerve, vagus nerve, recurrent laryngeal nerve, sympathetic trunk

trachea, esophagus, cervical pleura, apex of lung, thymus

130
Q

Why is there a potential for lung collapse with neck injury?

A

The cervical pleura and apex of the lung pass through the superior thoracic aperture immmediately posterior to teh origin of SCM

A broken 1st rib or penetrating wound of the neck may cause lung collapse (atelectasis)

131
Q

True or False: the thymus is not part of the immune system

A

False, thymus is part of immune system adn produces T-lymphocytes

Thymus involutes after puberty adn reduced immune function with age

132
Q

Name the composition of the thymus

A

2 irregular lobes behind the manubrium and body of sternum

inferior to thyroid gland

blood supply via internal thoracic artery

innervation from stellate ganglion of sympathetic trunk and vagus

133
Q

What does the tyroid gland produce?

A

thyroxine and calcitonin

134
Q

What level will you find the thyroid gland?

A

cervical vertebra 5 through thoracic vertebra 1

135
Q

What shape is the thryoid gland?

A

H or U shaped with 3 parts:

L or R lobes and Isthmus

136
Q

What percentage of people have a pyramidal lobe extending upward from isthmus as a finger of glandular tissue?

A

50% of people’s thyroid glands

137
Q

What connects the isthmus of thyroid gland to teh hyoid bone?

A

levator glandulae thyroideae muscle

138
Q

What is the blood supply to the thyroid gland?

A

superior and inferior thyroid arteries

Thyroid Ima artery is inconstant branch to thryoid gland from brachiocephalic trunk

10% of indiviudals

POTENTIAL TO BE DAMAGED DURING EMERGENCY TRACHEOTOMY

Superior thryoid, middle thryoid, and inferior thyroid veins

139
Q

What is the innervation to the thyroid gland?

A

superior, middle, and inferior cervical sympathetic ganglia

140
Q

Define a Goiter and the cause of one

A

abnormal enlargement of thryoid gland that produces swelling in anterior neck

2 types:

Endemic goiter: increase output, inactive hormones

hypothyroidism symptoms present

Exophthalmic goiter:due to autoimmune disease

thyroid stimulating immunoglobulins bind to receptor site casuing overactivity, active hormone, and hyperthyroidism symptoms present (graves disease)

141
Q

What is the blood supply to the parathyroid glands?

A

inferior thyroid artery and superior thyroid artery

142
Q

What is the innervation of the parathyroid glands?

A

inferior or middle cervical sympathetic ganglia

143
Q

Why is thyroid surgery extremely difficult?

A

presence of parathyroid glands, vascularity, and presence of recurrent laryngeal nerve

144
Q

Explain the trachea

A

“windpipe” foudn at level cervical 6, splitting int L and R main bronchi

Walls supported by series of incomplete cartilaginous rings that open posteriorly

145
Q

What is the blood supply to the trachea?

A

inferior thryoid artery

146
Q

What is the innervation of the trachea?

A

recurrent laryngeal nerve

147
Q

What does the esophagus connect?

A

the pharynx and stomach

148
Q

What are the main arteries of teh head and neck?

A

L and R common carotid arteries

149
Q

Name the 2 branches of the common carotid artery

A

Internal carotid artery (largest) with no branches, and is main blood supply to the brain

External carotid artery is main source of blood to structures of the neck, face, and scalp

150
Q

What are the 8 branches of the external carotid artery?

A

superior thryoid

ascending pharyngeal

lingual

facial

occipital

posterior auricular

superficial temporal

maxillary

151
Q

What are the terminal branches of external carotid?

A

supericial temporal artery and maxillary artery

152
Q

What is the carotid sinus?

A

slight dilation of internal carotid artery where it joints common carotid CN IX

153
Q

Where does the internal jugular vein drain?

A

brachiocephalic vein

154
Q

Name the tributaries of the internal jugular vein

A

inferior petrosal sinus

pharyngeal vein

facial vein

lingual vein

superior thyroid vien

middle thyroid vein

155
Q

Identify the teal

A

Superior bulb and inferior petrosal sinus

156
Q

Identify the light purple

A

Pharyngeal vein

157
Q

Identify the samon color

A

Facial Vein

158
Q

Identify the green

A

Lingual vein

159
Q

Identify the red

A

Superior thyroid vein

160
Q

Identify the orange

A

Middle thryoid vein

161
Q

Identify the blue

A

Inferior bulb

162
Q

Identify the red

A

Tympanic nerve

163
Q

Identify the pink

A

Parotid gland

164
Q

Identify the light purple

A

Branch to the carotid sinus

165
Q

Identify the yellow

A

Cranial nerve IX

166
Q

Identify the blue

A

Branch to stylopharyngeus

167
Q

Identify the pink

A

Tonsilar Branch, palatine tonsil and soft palate

168
Q

Identify the green

A

Pharyngeal branches

Gross Anatomy II (1 decks)

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