Exam 1 Material Flashcards
1
Q
What is parietal regarding?
A
relating to the lining of a cavity
2
Q
What is visceral regarding?
A
relating to the covering of an organ
3
Q
What is pleura regarding?
A
lungs
4
Q
What is pericardial regarding?
A
heart
5
Q
What is peritoneum regarding?
A
abdominal organs
6
Q
What is the motor innervation to the muscles of the face?
A
cranial nerve VII facial nerve
7
Q
What is the sensory innervation to the face?
A
cranial nerve V trigeminal nerve
8
Q
What are the three branches of the trigeminal nerve?
A
Ophthalmic nerve, maxillary nerve, mandibular nerve
9
Q
Which branch of the trigeminal nerve goes to the scalp and face?
A
Ophthalmic nerve
10
Q
Which branch of the trigeminal nerve goes to the cheek and area lateral to the orbit?
A
Maxillary nerve
11
Q
Which branch of the trigeminal nerve goes to the chin and temporal region?
A
Mandibular nerve
12
Q
Name the 5 subdivisions of the ophthalmic nerve.
A
Supraorbital Supratrochlear External Nasal Infratrochlear Lacrimal
13
Q
Name the 3 subdivisions of the maxillary nerve.
A
Zygomaticotemporal Zygomaticofacial Infraorbital
14
Q
Name the 3 subdivisions of the mandibular nerve.
A
Auriculotemporal Buccal Mental
15
Q
What is the most frequent injured nerve due to a blow to the face?
A
Infraorbital nerve
16
Q
What area is buccal nerve?
A
Chin
17
Q
What area is mental nerve?
A
Cheek
18
Q
Define Trigeminal Neuralgia (Tic Douloureux)
A
Sudden attacks of severe pain occurring on areas of sensory distribution of trigeminal nerve Due to touch, unknown cause,
19
Q
Where does Trigeminal Neuralgia typically occur?
A
Most common in maxillary division Second most common in mandibular division Least common in ophthalmic division
20
Q
What is the sensory innervation to the posterior aspect of the neck and scalp?
A
posterior dorsal primary rami of cervical nerve 2-4
21
Q
What does the greater occipital nerve (primary ramus of C2) supply?
A
occipital region
22
Q
What does the third occipital nerve (primary ramus of C3) supply?
A
upper part of the back of the neck
23
Q
What does the posterior primary ramus of C4 supply?
A
lower part of the back of the neck
24
Q
Important Note on C1
A
no posterior root carrying sensory fibers as it is strictly motor nerve
25
What is the sensory innervation to the anterior and lateral aspect of the neck?
anterior ventral primary rami of cervical nerves 2-4
26
What forms the cervical plexus?
anterior primary rami of C1-C4 C5-C8 supply sensory skin of upper arm
27
What are the 4 sensory branches of the cervical plexus?
Lesser occipital C2, Great auricular C2-C3, Transverse cervical C2-C3, and Supraclavicular C3-C4
28
What supplies the lateral part of the occipital region, posterior to the ear?
Lesser occipital nerve C2
29
What supplies the angle of the mandible, and inferior to the ear, and is accompanied by the external jugular vein?
Great auricular nerve C2-C3
30
What supplies the anterior surface of the neck and throat areas?
Transverse cervical nerve C2-C3
31
What supplies the lateral surface of the neck?
Supraclavicular nerve C3-C4
32
How many branches are there from the supraclavicular nerve?
3 branches
33
What are the branches of the supraclavicular nerve?
Medial supraclavicular nerve Intermediate supraclavicular nerve Lateral supraclavicular nerve
34
Where does the cervical plexus carry motor fibers too?
infrahyoid strap muscles
35
Where do the motor fibers in the cervical plexus arise from?
Ansa Cervicalis Loop
36
What are the parts of the Ansa Cervicalis?
Superior root C1-C2 (hypoglossal nerve) and inferior root C2-C3 (cervical nerve)
37
What cervicals does the Ansa Cervicalis contain?
C1, C2, C3
38
What infrahyoid muscles are supplied by C1-C3?
sternohyoid, sternothyroid, and omohyoid
39
What infrahyoid muscle is only supplied from C1 fibers of the hypoglossal nerve?
thryohyoid
40
Where does the phrenic nerve originate from?
C3, C4, C5
41
What nerve is the motor supply to the diaphragm and the sensory to the thorax and abdomen?
phrenic nerve
42
Where is the phrenic nerve typically found?
anterior surface of the anterior scalene muscle on the neck running down vertically into the thorax
43
Platysma
o: superficial fascia over pectoralis major and deltoid i: lower border of mandible and angle over mouth n: cervical branch of facial nerve of pharyngeal arch 2 f: depresses mandible and draws down corner of mouth
44
Sternocleidomastoid
o: sternal head in front of manubrium, clavicular head of medial 3rd of clavicle i: lateral surface mastoid process, lateral half of superior nuchal line n: accessory nerve f: chief flexor of head
45
Define Torticollis
Pathological contraction of SCM, which the head is tilted toward and face is turned away from affected side
46
What are the 3 types of Torticollis?
Congenital, muscular, and spasmodic
47
What is congenital torticollis?
fibrous tissue tumor that develops at or shortly before birth
48
What is muscular torticollis?
due to birth injury
49
What is spasmodic torticollis?
occurs in adults due to abnormal toxicity (responds well to chiropractic care)
50
Trapezius
o: external occipital protuberance, ligament nuchal, and spinous process of 7th cervical vertebrae i: lateral 3rd of clavicle, spine of scapula, and acromion process n: accessory nerve, C3-C4 of cervical plexus f: upper portion elevates, middle portion retracts, and lower portion depresses scapula
51
Which muscles functions in scapulohumeral rhythm?
Trapezius
52
What does the external jugular vein drain?
face and scalp, as well as cerebral blood
53
What forms the external jugular vein?
by the retromandibular vein and posterior auricular vein below the parotid gland
54
What is the path of the external jugular vein?
runs downward and backward along the lateral surface of the SCM and empties into the subclavian vein
55
Name the tributaries of the external jugular vein?
retromandibular, posterior auricular, posterior external jugular, anterior jugular, transverse cervical, and suprascapular veins
56
Why is the prominence or absence of external jugular vein so important?
when venous pressure is normal, the vein is nearly invisible. In congestive heart failure/obstruction, it becomes prominent. Opera singers bagpipe payers develop prominence due to increased intrathoracic pressure
57
Important note on congestive heart failure.
it is not a heart attack, but a chronic condition, that weakens the ventricular walls, affecting blood flow obstruction of superior vena cava due to enlarged neoplasms causes cardiac sac to fill with fluid/blood compressing the vein
58
True or False: superficial lymph nodes are found along the external jugular vein, above the SCM
True
59
Where are the two triangles of the neck?
Anterior - in front of SCM Posterior - behind SCM
60
What are the boundaries of the Posterior Triangle?
ant: posterior border of SCM post: anterior border of trapezius inf: superior border of middle 3rd of clavicle
61
Where are the important visceral structures of the neck found?
anterior triangle of the neck
62
What are the boundaries of the Anterior Triangle?
sup: inferior border of mandible ant: anterior midline post: anterior border of SCM
63
Where does the apex of the anterior triangle lie?
inferiorly at the jugular notch
64
What forms the roof of the anterior triangle?
investing layer of the deep cervical fascia, superficial cervical fascia, and the platysma
65
What forms the floor of the anterior triangle?
4 subdivisions: submental triangle submandibular triangle carotid triangle muscular triangle
66
Submental Triangle
UNPAIRED L and R anterior bellies of digastric and body of hyoid bone floor is the mylohyoid muscle contains minor veins and lymph nodes
67
Submandibular Triangle
inferior border of mandible, anterior and posterior bellies of digastric and floor is the mylohyoid and hyoglossus muscles
68
What are the contents of the submandibular triangle?
contains submandibular, parotid, and sublingual glands, internal carotid artery, facial artery, internal jugular vein, glossopharyngeal nerve and vagus nerve
69
Which is the largest salivary gland to smallest salivary gland in order?
Submandibular (largest) Parotid Sublingual (smallest)
70
Important note on the submandibular triangle
Use cation when palpating/adjusting this area, there are many vital neuromuscular structures found here so be gentle
71
Carotid Triangle
posterior belly of digastric, superior belly of omohyoid, and anterior border of SCM floor is portions of thryohyoid, hyoglossus, and inferior/middle constrictor muscles (swallowing) Common carotid artery bifurcates here
72
What are the contents of the carotid triangle?
contains parts of common and internal carotid arteries, external carotid artery, and superior thyroid artery, lingual artery, and facial artery corresponding tributaries of the internal jugular vein
73
Muscular Triangle
superior belly of omohyoid, anterior midline of neck, and anterior border of SCM floor is posterior layer of pretracheal fascia
74
What are the contents of the muscular triangle?
contains sternohyoid and sternothyroid muscles, thyroid gland, trachea, and esophagus
75
Where is the hyoid bone located?
between mandible and larynx, acting as a point of attachment for muscles
76
True or False: the hyoid bone articulates with other bones.
False, it doesn't articulate with any other bones
77
What are the parts of the hyoid bone?
Body Greater Horn Lesser Horn
78
What 4 ribbon like muscles function is to primarily move the hyoid bone and larynx?
infrahyoid muscles: omohyoid sternohyoid sternothyroid thryohyoid
79
Which 2 infrahyoid muscles make up the superficial layer?
omohyoid and sternohyoid muscles
80
Which 2 infrahyoid muscles make up the deep layer?
sternothyroid and thryohyoid muscles
81
What bony feature of the hyoid bone is yellow?
body
82
What bony feature of the hyoid bone is pink?
Lesser horn
83
What bony feature of the hyoid bone is blue?
Greater horn
84
What nerve is the pink box pointing to?
Great Auricular Nerve
85
What nerve is the blue box point to?
Transverse Cervical Nerve
86
What nerve is the green box point to?
Inferior root of Ansa Cervicalis
87
What nerve is the red box point to?
Supraclavicular Nerve
88
What nerve is the orange box point to?
Phrenic Nerve
89
What nerve is the purple box point to?
Lesser Occipital Nerve
90
Identify the dark green box
Ophthalmic Nerve
91
Identify the yellow box
Zygomaticotemporal Nerve
92
Identify the pink box
Supratrochlear Nerve
93
Identify the dark purple box
Supraorbital nerve
94
Identify the teal box
Infratrochlear Nerve
95
Identify the navy blue box
Maxillary Nerve
96
Identify the light purple box
External Nasal Nerve
97
Identify the dark red box
Infraorbital Nerve
98
Identify the black box
Zygomaticofacial Nerve
99
Identify the gray box
Mental Nerve
100
Identify the aqua box
Buccal Nerve
101
Identify the light green box
Mandibular Nerve
102
Identify the white box
Transverse Cervical Nerve
103
Identify the brown box
Great Auricular Nerve
104
Identify the light pink box
Lesser Occipital Nerve
105
Identify the light red box
Third Occipital Nerve
106
Identify the light blue box
Auriculotemporal Nerve
107
Identify the orange box
Greater Occipital Nerve
108
Omohyoid Muscle
O: inferior belly of omohyoid originates from the upper border of scapula, ends in an intermediate tendon located deep to teh sternocleidomastoid. Superior belly of omohyoid extends upward from this tendon
I: body of teh hyoid bone
N: ansa cervicalis C1-C3
F: depresses hydoid bone adn larynx
109
Sternohyoid Muscle
O: posterior surface of teh manubrium, adn medial en dof clavicle
I: body of hyoid bone
N: ansa cervicalis C1-C3
F: depresses hyoid bone and larynx
110
Sternothyroid Muscle
O: posterior surface of manubrium, inferior to origin of sternohyoid
I: oblique line on the lamina of thryoid cartilage
N: ansa cervicalis C1-C3
F: depresses larynx
111
Thryohyoid Muscle
O: oblique line on the lamina of thyroid cartilage
I: body of hyoid bone
N: C1 through hypoglossal nerve
F: depresses hyoid bone
112
Why do all the muscles depress the hyoid bone and larynx?
Swallowing (MOST IMPORTANT)
Speech
Breathing
If hyoid is fixed, digastric depresses the manible
113
True or False: cervical fascia is part of the deep structure of the neck
True
114
What does cervical fascia surround and support?
superficial and deep structures of neck
115
What are the two major layers of cervical fascia?
superficial fascia and deep fascia
116
What are the four divisions of the deep cervical fascia?
Investing layer of deep cervical fascia
Pretracheal fascia
Prevertebral fascia
Carotid sheath
117
What muscle does the superifical fascia of the neck enclose?
the platysma, adn contains cutaneous nerves, superifical veins, and lymph nodes
118
Which of the 4 divisions of deep fascia are unpaired?
Investing layer, pretracheal, and prevertebral
119
120
Which of the 4 divisons of deep fascia is unpaired?
Carotid sheath
121
What does the investing layer enlcose?
SCM and trapezius
122
What does teh pretracheal fascia enclose?
thryoid gland, trachea, adn esophagus
123
What does the prevertebral fascia layer enclose?
vertebral column and deep muscles of the back
124
Where does the carotid sheath extend to?
From base of skull to root of neck
125
What structures are found within the carotid sheath?
common carotid artery
internal carotid artery
internal jugular vein
vagus nerve
deep cervical lymph nodes
126
What is the functional significance of fascial layers?
they function to provide a slippery surface to reduce friction during gross movemnts of head and neck, and during swallowing
Adhesions can cause neck pain (can be treated with myofascial release)
May serve as channel for infection, pretracheal may allow infection to spread from head and neck to mediastinum directly, and cancer involving deep cervical lymph nodes can compress internal jugular vein
127
What are the boundaries of the superior thoracic aperture?
first thoracic vertebra, first ribs and their cartilage, and manubrium of sternum
128
What shape is teh superior thoracic aperture?
kidney shaped
129
Name the structures that pass through the aperture
brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery, left subclavian artery, internal thoracic artery
brachiocephalic vein
phrenic nerve, vagus nerve, recurrent laryngeal nerve, sympathetic trunk
trachea, esophagus, cervical pleura, apex of lung, thymus
130
Why is there a potential for lung collapse with neck injury?
The cervical pleura and apex of the lung pass through the superior thoracic aperture immmediately posterior to teh origin of SCM
A broken 1st rib or penetrating wound of the neck may cause lung collapse (atelectasis)
131
True or False: the thymus is not part of the immune system
False, thymus is part of immune system adn produces T-lymphocytes
Thymus involutes after puberty adn reduced immune function with age
132
Name the composition of the thymus
2 irregular lobes behind the manubrium and body of sternum
inferior to thyroid gland
blood supply via internal thoracic artery
innervation from stellate ganglion of sympathetic trunk and vagus
133
What does the tyroid gland produce?
thyroxine and calcitonin
134
What level will you find the thyroid gland?
cervical vertebra 5 through thoracic vertebra 1
135
What shape is the thryoid gland?
H or U shaped with 3 parts:
L or R lobes and Isthmus
136
What percentage of people have a pyramidal lobe extending upward from isthmus as a finger of glandular tissue?
50% of people's thyroid glands
137
What connects the isthmus of thyroid gland to teh hyoid bone?
levator glandulae thyroideae muscle
138
What is the blood supply to the thyroid gland?
superior and inferior thyroid arteries
Thyroid Ima artery is inconstant branch to thryoid gland from brachiocephalic trunk
10% of indiviudals
POTENTIAL TO BE DAMAGED DURING EMERGENCY TRACHEOTOMY
Superior thryoid, middle thryoid, and inferior thyroid veins
139
What is the innervation to the thyroid gland?
superior, middle, and inferior cervical sympathetic ganglia
140
Define a Goiter and the cause of one
abnormal enlargement of thryoid gland that produces swelling in anterior neck
2 types:
Endemic goiter: increase output, inactive hormones
hypothyroidism symptoms present
Exophthalmic goiter:due to autoimmune disease
thyroid stimulating immunoglobulins bind to receptor site casuing overactivity, active hormone, and hyperthyroidism symptoms present (graves disease)
141
What is the blood supply to the parathyroid glands?
inferior thyroid artery and superior thyroid artery
142
What is the innervation of the parathyroid glands?
inferior or middle cervical sympathetic ganglia
143
Why is thyroid surgery extremely difficult?
presence of parathyroid glands, vascularity, and presence of recurrent laryngeal nerve
144
Explain the trachea
"windpipe" foudn at level cervical 6, splitting int L and R main bronchi
Walls supported by series of incomplete cartilaginous rings that open posteriorly
145
What is the blood supply to the trachea?
inferior thryoid artery
146
What is the innervation of the trachea?
recurrent laryngeal nerve
147
What does the esophagus connect?
the pharynx and stomach
148
What are the main arteries of teh head and neck?
L and R common carotid arteries
149
Name the 2 branches of the common carotid artery
Internal carotid artery (largest) with no branches, and is main blood supply to the brain
External carotid artery is main source of blood to structures of the neck, face, and scalp
150
What are the 8 branches of the external carotid artery?
superior thryoid
ascending pharyngeal
lingual
facial
occipital
posterior auricular
superficial temporal
maxillary
151
What are the terminal branches of external carotid?
supericial temporal artery and maxillary artery
152
What is the carotid sinus?
slight dilation of internal carotid artery where it joints common carotid CN IX
153
Where does the internal jugular vein drain?
brachiocephalic vein
154
Name the tributaries of the internal jugular vein
inferior petrosal sinus
pharyngeal vein
facial vein
lingual vein
superior thyroid vien
middle thyroid vein
155
Identify the teal
Superior bulb and inferior petrosal sinus
156
Identify the light purple
Pharyngeal vein
157
Identify the samon color
Facial Vein
158
Identify the green
Lingual vein
159
Identify the red
Superior thyroid vein
160
Identify the orange
Middle thryoid vein
161
Identify the blue
Inferior bulb
162
Identify the red
Tympanic nerve
163
Identify the pink
Parotid gland
164
Identify the light purple
Branch to the carotid sinus
165
Identify the yellow
Cranial nerve IX
166
Identify the blue
Branch to stylopharyngeus
167
Identify the pink
Tonsilar Branch, palatine tonsil and soft palate
168
Identify the green
Pharyngeal branches
