Exam 1 Material Flashcards
What is pathology?
the study of disease conditions sickness illness disorders syndromes
What is etiology?
the origin of disease (why) genetics environmental exposure risk factors
What is pathogenesis?
the development of disease (how) how etiologic factors produce cellular change
What is homeostasis?
the tendency to maintain internal stability, health
What was BJ Palmer referring to when he said homeostasis?
the human body’s innate intelligence
What are the 3 T’s in Chiropractic?
Trauma, toxins, and thoughts
What are 4 main adaptations to cellular stress?
hypertrophy atrophy hyperplasia metaplasia
What is hyperplasia?
increase in amount of fibers
What is metaplasia?
cell that is stressed switches to be a completely different more resilient type of cell
Does homeostasis affect health?
Yes, viability and optimal function of health, as well as adaptable to daily stressors
What is hypertrophy and where is it usually found?
increase in size and is incapable of division
due to overloading or increased growth factors
found in skeletal muscle
phys=weight lifting, pregnant uterus
path=ventricular hypertrophy
What is hyperplasia?
increase in number of cells
due to compensatory factors and gene activation, hormonal factors
phys=liver donation, breasts and uterus
path=HVP
What is atrophy?
decrease in cell size, decrease in protein synthesis, increase in protein breakdown
due to:
disuse, denervation, ischemia, endocrine disruption, and aging
What is Senile Atrophy?
lots of atrophy in the subcutaneous areas of the forearms and is normal age related
What is metaplasia?
change of one cell type into another that is more resilient
typically is reversable in early stages, but once prolongued, irreversible
risk for cancerous transformation
When does cell injury and death occur?
when a stressor exceeds ability to adapt, damage is directly induced, or intrinsic abnormality is present
due to trauma, ischemia, hypoxia, poisons, infections, immune rections, malnutrition, and aging
What is a reversible injury?
transient or mild stressor
minimal membrane damage
nucleus is intact
swelling and fatty accumulation occur
What is an irreversible injury?
prolonged or severe stressor
irreparable mitochondrial damage with damage to the membrane
Necrosis : trauma, toxins, ischemia (inflammatory)
Apoptosis: decreased growth factors or damage to DNA protein (non-inflammatory)
What are the nuclear changes of necrosis?
Pyknosis: solid shrunken mass
Karyorrhexis: fragmentation
Karyolysis: fading and dissolution
What occurs during necrosis?
enlarged cell size due to swelling
P-K-K path
plasma membrane is disrupted
cellular content leaks out
frequent inflammation
What occurs during apoptosis?
reduced cell size, shrinking
gragmentaqtion occurs
plasma membrane is intact
cellular content is intat
non-inflammatory
What is necrosis?
death of living tissue, loss of membrane integrity, and inflammatory
Coagulative (gangrenous)
Liquefactive
Caseous (tuberculosis)
Fat (enzymatic)
Fibrinoid (cannot see with the naken eye)
What is coagulative necrosis?
sever ischemia, or death of solid organ tissue (infarction/infarct)
typically occurs in organs with solid walls, and can be firm for days/weeks at a time
ex. myocardial infarction: loss of blood supply due to clotting
1/3 of heart attacks are lethal
What is gangrenous necrosis?
gangrene= coagulative necrosis in extremities
peripheral vascular disease or frost bite
can be dry, wet, or gas type
What is liquefactive necrosis?
dead cells are completely digested
CNS ischemia/hypoxia and bacterial or fungal infections
What type of necrosis is this?
coagulative necrosis
What type of gangrene is this?
dry gangrene
What type of gangrene is this?
gas gangrene
What type of necrosis is this?
liquefactive necrosis
Which pathway is this?
apoptosis
Which pathway is this?
necrosis
What is caseous necrosis?
cheese like texture, yellow/white color, related to tuberculosis
What is fat necrosis?
Saponification, and can disrupt the pancreas
What is fibrinoid necrosis?
autoimmune reactions, not visible to the naked eye, found in arterial walls
Define apoptosis
programmed cell death, involving breakdown of apoptotic bodies
caused by: mutated cells, viral infections HIV and can accompany atrophy
How does apoptosis work?
by activation fo caspase
What are the two pathways in apoptosis?
Mitochondrial pathway Intrinsic
DNA damage, or misfolded proteins
activates CASPASE 9
Death receptor pathway Extrinisc
infection of cells
activates CASPASE 8
What is the difference between autophagy and apoptosis?
Autophage is not dead, but is self eating
Apoptosis is programmed cellular death
Ischemia and hypoxic injury process
little O2 = little ATP & lots of ROS
With persistance, can become irreversible
What is a characterist of oxidative stress on a cell?
accumulations of ROS, inflammation, aging
What are dietary anti-oxidants?
ACES acronym
Vitamin A C E selenium, and beta carotene
Is direct or latent injury more common?
Latent injury
What is Steatosis?
fatty change, excessive lipid accumulation in the heart, liver, skeletal muscles, and kidneys
Macro = hepatomegaly
Micro = fat vacuoles
Alcoholic Liver Disease or Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Hepatocellular Carcinoma can be caused by:
chronic HBV infection, HCV infections, or Cirrhosis
More common in males 3:1 ration
What are the two types of calcification?
Dystrophic and Dysfunctional Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva
Define dystrophic calcification
calcification of damaged tissue due to injury, aging, or necrosis
Define fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva
dysfunctional soft tissue repair, autosomal mutation on chromosome 4, and is very rare
excessive amount of heterotopic ossificiation and fusion
LIFE THREATENING
What is metastic calcification?
calcification of normal tissues, with abnormal amounts of calcium (hypercalcemia)
Casues boen cancer, multiple myeloma, leukemia
Explain how cellular aging works
Reduced functional capacity of cells
Due to:
DNA damage
Replicative senescence
Defective Protein
Bloom Syndrome and Werner Syndrome are types of ______
progeroid syndromes
