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General Pathology > Exam 1 Material > Flashcards

Exam 1 Material Flashcards

1
Q

What is pathology?

A

the study of disease conditions sickness illness disorders syndromes

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2
Q

What is etiology?

A

the origin of disease (why) genetics environmental exposure risk factors

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3
Q

What is pathogenesis?

A

the development of disease (how) how etiologic factors produce cellular change

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4
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

the tendency to maintain internal stability, health

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5
Q

What was BJ Palmer referring to when he said homeostasis?

A

the human body’s innate intelligence

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6
Q

What are the 3 T’s in Chiropractic?

A

Trauma, toxins, and thoughts

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7
Q

What are 4 main adaptations to cellular stress?

A

hypertrophy atrophy hyperplasia metaplasia

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8
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

increase in amount of fibers

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9
Q

What is metaplasia?

A

cell that is stressed switches to be a completely different more resilient type of cell

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10
Q

Does homeostasis affect health?

A

Yes, viability and optimal function of health, as well as adaptable to daily stressors

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11
Q

What is hypertrophy and where is it usually found?

A

increase in size and is incapable of division

due to overloading or increased growth factors

found in skeletal muscle

phys=weight lifting, pregnant uterus

path=ventricular hypertrophy

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12
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

increase in number of cells

due to compensatory factors and gene activation, hormonal factors

phys=liver donation, breasts and uterus

path=HVP

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13
Q

What is atrophy?

A

decrease in cell size, decrease in protein synthesis, increase in protein breakdown

due to:

disuse, denervation, ischemia, endocrine disruption, and aging

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14
Q

What is Senile Atrophy?

A

lots of atrophy in the subcutaneous areas of the forearms and is normal age related

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15
Q

What is metaplasia?

A

change of one cell type into another that is more resilient

typically is reversable in early stages, but once prolongued, irreversible

risk for cancerous transformation

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16
Q

When does cell injury and death occur?

A

when a stressor exceeds ability to adapt, damage is directly induced, or intrinsic abnormality is present

due to trauma, ischemia, hypoxia, poisons, infections, immune rections, malnutrition, and aging

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17
Q

What is a reversible injury?

A

transient or mild stressor

minimal membrane damage

nucleus is intact

swelling and fatty accumulation occur

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18
Q

What is an irreversible injury?

A

prolonged or severe stressor

irreparable mitochondrial damage with damage to the membrane

Necrosis : trauma, toxins, ischemia (inflammatory)

Apoptosis: decreased growth factors or damage to DNA protein (non-inflammatory)

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19
Q

What are the nuclear changes of necrosis?

A

Pyknosis: solid shrunken mass

Karyorrhexis: fragmentation

Karyolysis: fading and dissolution

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20
Q

What occurs during necrosis?

A

enlarged cell size due to swelling

P-K-K path

plasma membrane is disrupted

cellular content leaks out

frequent inflammation

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21
Q

What occurs during apoptosis?

A

reduced cell size, shrinking

gragmentaqtion occurs

plasma membrane is intact

cellular content is intat

non-inflammatory

22
Q

What is necrosis?

A

death of living tissue, loss of membrane integrity, and inflammatory

Coagulative (gangrenous)

Liquefactive

Caseous (tuberculosis)

Fat (enzymatic)

Fibrinoid (cannot see with the naken eye)

23
Q

What is coagulative necrosis?

A

sever ischemia, or death of solid organ tissue (infarction/infarct)

typically occurs in organs with solid walls, and can be firm for days/weeks at a time

ex. myocardial infarction: loss of blood supply due to clotting

1/3 of heart attacks are lethal

24
Q

What is gangrenous necrosis?

A

gangrene= coagulative necrosis in extremities

peripheral vascular disease or frost bite

can be dry, wet, or gas type

25
Q

What is liquefactive necrosis?

A

dead cells are completely digested

CNS ischemia/hypoxia and bacterial or fungal infections

26
Q

What type of necrosis is this?

A

coagulative necrosis

27
Q

What type of gangrene is this?

A

dry gangrene

28
Q

What type of gangrene is this?

A

gas gangrene

29
Q

What type of necrosis is this?

A

liquefactive necrosis

30
Q

Which pathway is this?

A

apoptosis

31
Q

Which pathway is this?

A

necrosis

32
Q

What is caseous necrosis?

A

cheese like texture, yellow/white color, related to tuberculosis

33
Q

What is fat necrosis?

A

Saponification, and can disrupt the pancreas

34
Q

What is fibrinoid necrosis?

A

autoimmune reactions, not visible to the naked eye, found in arterial walls

35
Q

Define apoptosis

A

programmed cell death, involving breakdown of apoptotic bodies

caused by: mutated cells, viral infections HIV and can accompany atrophy

36
Q

How does apoptosis work?

A

by activation fo caspase

37
Q

What are the two pathways in apoptosis?

A

Mitochondrial pathway Intrinsic

DNA damage, or misfolded proteins

activates CASPASE 9

Death receptor pathway Extrinisc

infection of cells

activates CASPASE 8

38
Q

What is the difference between autophagy and apoptosis?

A

Autophage is not dead, but is self eating

Apoptosis is programmed cellular death

39
Q

Ischemia and hypoxic injury process

A

little O2 = little ATP & lots of ROS

With persistance, can become irreversible

40
Q

What is a characterist of oxidative stress on a cell?

A

accumulations of ROS, inflammation, aging

41
Q

What are dietary anti-oxidants?

A

ACES acronym

Vitamin A C E selenium, and beta carotene

42
Q

Is direct or latent injury more common?

A

Latent injury

43
Q

What is Steatosis?

A

fatty change, excessive lipid accumulation in the heart, liver, skeletal muscles, and kidneys

Macro = hepatomegaly

Micro = fat vacuoles

Alcoholic Liver Disease or Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

44
Q

Hepatocellular Carcinoma can be caused by:

A

chronic HBV infection, HCV infections, or Cirrhosis

More common in males 3:1 ration

45
Q

What are the two types of calcification?

A

Dystrophic and Dysfunctional Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva

46
Q

Define dystrophic calcification

A

calcification of damaged tissue due to injury, aging, or necrosis

47
Q

Define fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva

A

dysfunctional soft tissue repair, autosomal mutation on chromosome 4, and is very rare

excessive amount of heterotopic ossificiation and fusion

LIFE THREATENING

48
Q

What is metastic calcification?

A

calcification of normal tissues, with abnormal amounts of calcium (hypercalcemia)

Casues boen cancer, multiple myeloma, leukemia

49
Q

Explain how cellular aging works

A

Reduced functional capacity of cells

Due to:

DNA damage

Replicative senescence

Defective Protein

50
Q

Bloom Syndrome and Werner Syndrome are types of ______

A

progeroid syndromes

General Pathology (1 decks)

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