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CHM 118 > Exam 1 material > Flashcards

Exam 1 material Flashcards

1
Q

whats the study of the relationship between chemistry and energy

A

thermochemistry

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2
Q

what is the capacity to do work (object possesses)

A

energy

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3
Q

what is the result of a force acting through a distance (way objects transfer energy)

A

work (w)

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4
Q

what is the flow of energy caused by a temperature difference (way objects transfer energy)

A

heat (q)

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5
Q

energy associated with temperature of an object, type of KE

A

thermal energy

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6
Q

energy associated with position or composition

A

potential energy

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7
Q

energy associated with relative positions of e- and nuclei in atoms and molecules, form of PE

A

chemical energy

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8
Q

whats the first law of conservation of energy

A

energy cannot be created nor destroyed

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9
Q

what is a portion of the universe singles out for investigation

A

system

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10
Q

what is everything that the system can exchange energy with

A

surroundings

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11
Q

what is energy transferred between

A

a system and the surroundings

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12
Q

what is the general study of energy and its inter-conversations

A

thermodynamics

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13
Q

what is the first law of thermodynamics

A

the total energy of the universe is constant, the energy content does not change, you can only break even

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14
Q

what is the sum of KE and PE of all particles that compose the system

A

internal energy (E)

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15
Q

what is a state function

A

a function where the value depends only on the state of the system, not on how the system arrived at the state

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16
Q

if energy leaves a system, where does it flow to

A

the surroundings

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17
Q

Is the energy of the system positive or negative when the reactants have higher energy than the products? Is this endo or exothermic?

A

Esys is negative, making it exothermic

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18
Q

what is a measure of thermal energy

A

temperature

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19
Q

what is a transfer of thermal energy

A

heat

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20
Q

what is happening when there is no additional net transfer of heat taking place

A

thermal equilibrium

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21
Q

what is the quantity of heat required to change temperature by 1 C? Is it an intensive or extensive property?

A

heat capacity, extensive

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22
Q

what is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 C (J/gC), Is it an intensive or extensive property?

A

specific heat capacity, intensive

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23
Q

what is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 mole of a substance by 1 C (J/gC), Is it an intensive or extensive property?

A

molar heat capacity, intensive

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24
Q

does water have a high or low specific heat

A

high

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25
Q

thermal energy flows from _____ to _____

A

hot to cold

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26
Q

what is calculated work associated with an observed volume change

A

pressure-volume work

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27
Q

what measures the thermal energy the reaction and the surroundings exchange by by observing the change in temperature of surroundings

A

calorimetry

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28
Q

what is a piece of equipment designed to measure change in energy for combustion reactions in a sealed container

A

bomb calorimeter

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29
Q

what is the sum of internal energy plus the product of pressure and volume

A

enthalpy (H)

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30
Q

what is a measure of only heat exchanged under conditions of constant pressure

A

change in enthalpy

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31
Q

4 characteristics of endothermic reaction

A

absorbs heat from surroundings
positive change in enthalpy
energy flows into the system
raises potential energy

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32
Q

4 characteristics of exothermic reaction

A

gives heat to surroundings
negative change in enthalpy
energy released from the system
lowers potential energy

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33
Q

what are the amount of energy needed to break, or the amount of energy emitted when broken, from bonds when broken or formed

A

bond energy

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34
Q

in an exothermic reaction ____ bonds break and _____ bonds form

A

weak, strong

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35
Q

in an endothermic reaction ____ bonds break and _____ bonds form

A

strong, weak

36
Q

breaking a chemical bonds ______ energy

A

requires

37
Q

forming a chemical bond ______ energy

A

releases

38
Q

what is the second law of thermodynamics

A

for any spontaneous process, the entropy of the universe increases

39
Q

what is a process that occurs without any outside intervention

A

spontaneous process

40
Q

what is the measure of disorder in molecules

A

entropy (S)

41
Q

if Gibbs energy is positive, will it be spontaneous or not spontaneous?

A

not spontaneous

42
Q

when something falls, potential energy is converted to ______ energy

A

kinetic

43
Q

what occupies larger volume, hot or cold liquid

A

hot

44
Q

what has a higher density ice or water

A

water

45
Q

is heat transferred through a perfect vacuum

A

yes

46
Q

what is the temperature of outer space

A

close to 2.7 K

47
Q

what kind of system enclosure is needed to avoid heat transfer to the surroundings

A

adiabatic

48
Q

what are standard conditions

A

1 Bar, 25 C, 298 K

49
Q

if combustion occurs, will the heat of combustion be positive or negative

A

negative

50
Q

to find heat of reaction for bond energies, whats the formula

A

bonds broken minus bonds formed, reactants - products

51
Q

whats the third law of thermodynamics

A

entropy of all perfect crystalline substances is 0 at T = 0

52
Q

Positive delta S and positive delta H

A

spontaneous only at high temp

53
Q

negative delta S and positive delta H

A

never spontaneous

54
Q

negative delta S and negative delta H

A

spontaneous only at low temp

55
Q

Positive delta S and negative delta H

A

always spontaneous

56
Q

an increase of energy in a system leads to an ______ in entropy

A

increase

57
Q

P

A

pressure

58
Q

V

A

volume

59
Q

T

A

temperature

60
Q

q

A

heat

61
Q

w

A

work

62
Q

U

A

internal energy

63
Q

S

A

entropy

64
Q

H

A

enthalpy

65
Q

G

A

Gibbs energy

66
Q

what are the 4 thermodynamic state functions

A

G, U, S, H

67
Q

sign on q when it gains thermal energy

A

+

68
Q

sign on q when it losses thermal energy

A

-

69
Q

sign on w when work is done on a system

A

+

70
Q

sign on w when work is done by a system

A

-

71
Q

sign on delta E when energy flows into the system

A

+

72
Q

sign on delta E when energy flows out of the system

A

-

73
Q

sign on w when volume is increased

A

-

74
Q

sign on w when volume is decreased

A

+

75
Q

A negative change in entropy indicates that the products have a ______ number of available energy microstates than the reactants.

A

smaller

76
Q

solid→liquid→gas leads to a ______ in entropy

A

increase

77
Q

an decrease in the number of gas molecules leads to a ______ in entropy

A

decrease

78
Q

a solid dissolving to form a solution leads to a ______ in entropy

A

increase

79
Q

if there is 4 particles of gas in a container and the volume increases, this leads to a ______ in entropy

A

increase

80
Q

entropy ______ with an increase in number of gas particles in a container

A

increases

81
Q

entropy _____ with a decrease in temperature

A

decreases

82
Q

what has greater entropy mixtures or pure substances

A

mixtures

83
Q

entropy _____ as molecules get more complex

A

increases

84
Q

What must be true of a solid or liquid to be considered in its standard state?

A

it must be pure

85
Q

when do you make a heat negative

A

in an exothermic reaction that releases heat

CHM 118 (2 decks)

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