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Nutrition and Disease 2 > Exam 1 Material > Flashcards

Exam 1 Material Flashcards

1
Q

Antacids

A

calcium or sodium blockers, treatment for GERD

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2
Q

Histamine-2 receptor blockers

A

dimetidine, ranitidine, Famotidine, Nizatidine, treatment for GERD, decreases HCl acid secretion

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3
Q

Proton Pump Inhibitors

A

Omeprazole, Iansoprazole, Esomeprazole, Pantoprazole, Rabeprazole, treatment for GERD

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4
Q

Prokinetic/LES Pressure Changing Agent

A

Metoclopromide, Bethanechol, keeps LES closed better by also causes pyloric sprinter to open more and empty better

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5
Q

Protective barrier (foaming) agent

A

Gaviscon, floats on top of gastric contents and prevents acid breakthrough if reflux occurs

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6
Q

Barrett’s esophagus

A

changes cell types in esophagus from simple squamous to columnar, which increases risk for esophageal cancer

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7
Q

Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act

A

GINA, Bush administration, barred genetic discrimination in the federal government, states followed

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8
Q

Chromosomal disorders

A

genetic disease due to chromosome piece missing or replicated, ex. Down syndrome

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9
Q

Single gene disorders

A

PKU, cystic fibrosis, genetic diseases

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10
Q

Multi-factorial disorders

A

genetic component but also environmental influence, genetic disease

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11
Q

Nutrigenetics

A

how genes effect response to diet, like SNPs, modify diet to adjust for changes in genes to modify impact of SNP (phenotype), like folate and PKU

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12
Q

Nutrigenomics

A

how diet (environment) effects expression of genes, like epigenetics

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13
Q

TAS2R38 Gene

A

taste receptor gene, 3 SNPs, most common haplotype (allele) is Proline, Alanine, Valine (PAV) - bitter sensitivity, Alanine, Valine, Isoleucine (AVI) - bitter insensitivity, depends on which 2 alleles and environment

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14
Q

MTHFR 677 C -> T

A

methylenetetrahydrofolate (methylene THF) reductase, enzyme in folate metabolism, impaired function increases concentration of homocysteine in blood, also impaired folate status increases risk for NTD 5x, may have protective effect for colorectal cancer (nonimpaired folate), increased risk of CVD

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15
Q

Hyperhomocysteinemia

A

MTHFR 677 TT genotype, increases plasma homocysteine, increases vascular disease risk, but adequate folate reduces homocysteine concentration

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16
Q

Agouti gene

A

affects coat color in mice, hypomethylation - yellow and fat (expression), hypermethylation - brown and thin (lack of expression), modify via mother’s diet

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17
Q

Acetylation of histones

A

opens up DNA for access (de-acetylation compacts histone again)

18
Q

Histamine

A

vagus nerve stimulates histamine production, histamine binds to receptor to product HCl acid

19
Q

Factors that affect mucosal integrity

A

Induce mucosal integrity: Helicobacer pylori infection, NSAIDs/aspirin, steroids. Reduce mucosal blood flow: smoking, trauma/burn injury. Both: excessive alcohol

20
Q

Prostaglandins

A

stimulate production of mucus, NSAIDs (like aspirin) interfere with production

21
Q

H. Pylori in gastritis and PUD

A

Barry J. Marshall and J. Robin Warren

22
Q

Peptic Ulcer Disease

A

erosion of mucosal lining of stomach or duodenum

23
Q

Achalasia

A

motility disorder - failure of LES to relax properly, disordered swallowing, to much acetylcholine, not enough vasoactive inhibitory peptide (VIP) or nitric oxide (imbalance)

24
Q

Esophagitis causes

A

Infection, irritating agents, intubation, radiation (which may turn chronic)

25
Q

Factors that increase acid secretion

A

pepper, alcohol, caffeine, decaff coffee, stress (increase Ach and HCl), higher than normal max and basal acid production, Zollinger Ellison syndrome

26
Q

Zollinger Ellison syndrome

A

gastrin-producing tumors, usually small, can be anywhere, only effect stomach (stimulates it to produce HCl acid)

27
Q

H. Pylori and PUD

A

produce urease/toxins, burrow in mucus layer of stomach, secrete cytokines (proteins interact with epithelial cells/attract macrophages & neutrophils/inflammation results/cell death, exogenous factors contribute to impaired mucosal defense

28
Q

Urease

A

metabolizes urea into carbon dioxide and ammonia to make pH higher (more basic) and better micro environment for H. pylori

29
Q

Indications for gastric surgery

A

gastric retention, severe/uncontrolled hemorrhage, perforation, ZE syndrome (rare)

30
Q

Vagotomy

A

parietal cell (secretes gastrin) vagotomy (selective), or truncal vagotomy + pyloroplasty (cut out whole vagus nerve)

31
Q

Pyloroplasty

A

pyloric sphincter widen because no vagus nerve to say when to open or close

32
Q

Billroth I gastric surgery

A

Removal of part of stomach with anastomosis (reconnection) of proximal end of intestine (duodenum) to distal end of remaining stomach

33
Q

Billroth II gastric surgery

A

Removal of part of stomach, anastomosis of remaining stomach along a section of the intestine (jejunum), skip duodenum

34
Q

Roux-en-Y gastric surgery

A

bypasses most of the stomach by constructing a small stomach pouch and connecting jejunum directly to the pouch (used for obese patients)

35
Q

Normal defense and repair mechanisms

A

mucus production, bicarbonate production, removal of excess acid by blood flow, renewal and repair of epithelial cells (every 2-3 days).

36
Q

Level 1 National Dysphagia Diet

A

moderate to sever dysphagia with poor oral phase ability, reduced ability to protect airway, baby food

37
Q

Level 2 National Dysphagia Diet

A

transition to more solid foods, chewing ability required, mild to moderate oral and/or pharyngeal dysphagia, chopped or minced food

38
Q

Level 3 National Dysphagia Diet

A

transition to regular diet, adequate dentition and mastication required, mid oral and/or pharyngeal dysphagia

39
Q

6 food elimination diet

A

cow’s milk protein, soy, peanuts, wheat, egg, fish/shellfish

40
Q

Gluten free labeling

A

less than 20 ppm/serving, not 0 gluten because cannot test, only for foods under FDA restriction

41
Q

Uracil misincorporation

A

not an epigenetic modification, incorporates uracil into DNA when in a folate deficiency, causes DNA strand breaks and instability

Nutrition and Disease 2 (4 decks)

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