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GEOS 3464 EARTH MATS > EXAM 1 MATERIAL > Flashcards

EXAM 1 MATERIAL Flashcards

1
Q

fwhat are considered to be the building blocks of the solid earth?

A

chondrules

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2
Q

how old is the oldest rock found on earth?

A

4Ga

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3
Q

what elements are created during Big bang nucleosynthesis?

A

H-Li

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4
Q

when did the big bang occur?

A

13.7 Ga

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5
Q

what elements are created during Stellar nucleosynthesis?

A

Li to Fe

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6
Q

what elements are created during supernovae nucleosynthesis?

A

all elements heavier than Fe

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7
Q

define nebular theory

A

dispersed matter forms a gravitational field which condenses to form a nebula

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8
Q

what is the critical mass required for fusion to begin?

A

about 80 times the mass of Jupiter

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9
Q

what elements are created during supernovae nucleosynthesis?

A

all elements heavier than Fe

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10
Q

what causes nebulae to organize?

A

Gravitational attraction

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11
Q

what chemical reaction occurs in stars?

A

Nuclear Fusion

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12
Q

what elements are involved in nuclear fusion

A

Hydrogen used
helium produced

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13
Q

what is the most common element in the universe

A

Hydrogen

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14
Q

what is an accretionary disk?

A

gaseous mass flattens as a result of gravitational attraction

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15
Q

where do stars form?

A

at the center of accretionary disks

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16
Q

why are meteorites important?

A

meteor impacts led to the accretion of the earth

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17
Q

what are meteorites?

A

natural fragments from asteroids that impact the earth surface

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18
Q

where do most asteroids originate from?

A

the asteroid belt

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19
Q

where is the asteroid belt located

A

between mars and Jupiter

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20
Q

what are differentiated meteorites?

A

meteorites having an iron core and a rock mantle

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21
Q

what are undifferentiated meteorites?

A

these contain mm sized chondrites

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22
Q

what type of meteorites are more common?:
- differentiated
- undifferentiated

A

undifferentiated

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22
Q

where is the only known occurrence of chondrules?

A

meteorites

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23
Q

what type of meteorites do chondrites come from?

A

undifferentiated meteorites

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24
Q

why are chondrites important

A

they can be used to estimate the bulk composition of the earth

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25
Q

what is considered the age of the earth?

A

4.54Ga

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26
Q

how old is the earth?

A

4.56 Ga

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27
Q

how did the moon form?

A

a Mars-sized body is thought to have collided with the earth, the material dislodged compacted to form our moon

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28
Q

what evidence is there to support the theory of the moons formation?

A
  • isotopic ratios of earth and moon match
  • rocks/minerals are the same on both earth and moon
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29
Q

how is heat transferred within the earth?

A

through the lithosphere via conduction

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30
Q

what are the eight major tectonic plates?

A
  • African
  • Antarctician
  • Australian
  • Eurasian
  • Indian
  • North American
    -South American
  • Pacific
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31
Q

what are the three types of plate boundaries?

A
  • convergent
  • divergent
  • transform
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32
Q

describe what happens at a divergent plate margin

A

continental blocks separate
new crust is created
pillow basalts from

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33
Q

describe what happens at a convergent plate margin

A

two plates collide, one is subducted and destroyed

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34
Q

describe what happens at a transform plate margin

A

plates slide past one another. no new rock created

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35
Q

what is a mineral?

A

naturally occurring solids with ordered atomic structure and a definite, but not fixed chemical composition

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36
Q

how are minerals named?

A

mainly subject to the discoverer
NOT a scientific process

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37
Q

define the term euhedral

A

well-formed crystal. very uncommon

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38
Q

define the term subhedral

A

some well formed crystal faces are present

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39
Q

define the term anhedral

A

no well formed crystal faces

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40
Q

what is a vug?

A

a cavity inside a rock

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40
Q

define the law of constancy of interfacial angles

A

formulated by steno

the angles between corresponding crystal faces have the same value

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41
Q

what does the term ‘texture’ refer to in rocks?

A

the way in which individual mineral grains are intergrown

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42
Q

What is the most abundant class of rock-forming
minerals?

A

silicates

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43
Q

what is a phenocryst

A

large crystals in a matrix of much smaller crystals

44
Q

what is the most abundant rock type found on the of the earth

A

basalt

45
Q

What is the
most abundant type of rock making up the surface of the Earth?

A

igneous rock

46
Q

what is the largest rock factory on earth?

A

divergent Margins

47
Q

describe the process of a divergent rock factory and the composition of the rock

A

magma upwells from MOR, spews into ocean, produces pillow basalts. composition ALWAYS basalt

48
Q

describe the process of a convergent rock factory and the composition of the rock

A

most rock produced here is subducted back into the mantle. andesite produced

49
Q

describe the process of a divergent rock factory and the composition of the rock

A

forms rift valleys

50
Q

describe the process of a mantle plume- hot spot rock factory and the composition of the rock

A

Hot spots remain stationary while plates move over hot spot.basalts form above hot spots

51
Q

describe the process of a passive margin rock factory and the composition of the rock

A

passive margins form following rift events

52
Q

what are the important physical properties when determining a mineral?

A

-color
-luster
-hardness
-specific gravity
-streak
-habit
-aggregation

53
Q

describe a minerals habit and give some examples:

A

the external shape of individual crystals
- acicular (needlelike points)
- tabular (layered tablets)
- dendritic (treelike branching)
- massive (devoid of crystal faces)

54
Q

describe a minerals state of aggregation and give some examples:

A

The overall form of crystals grown together
- Granular (consisting of grains with equal dimensions)
- oolitic (consisting of rounded masses <2mm in size)
- compact (consisting of grains so fine aggregation cannot be determined with the naked eye)

55
Q

describe a minerals cleavage and give some examples:

A

cleavage relates to how the crystal would break along crystallographic angles.
- planar
- prismatic
- cubic

56
Q

what are trace elements

A

elements NOT essential to the mineral

57
Q

what are molecular orbital transitions

A

results from the TRANSFER of electrons between adjacent cations

58
Q

what are the three most important atom/atomic sites responsible for color?

A
  • crystal field transitions
  • molecular orbital transitions
  • color centers
59
Q

what are crystal field transitions?

A

the interaction between white light and partially filled D orbitals

60
Q

what are chromophores and give three examples

A

color causing elements
- Fe
- Ni
-Zn

61
Q

what are color centers

A

ionic vacancies in mineral structures filled with an excess electron

62
Q

why might trace elements exist
in a minerals where they normally should not be present?

A

can occur in
lattice sites deformed by flaws or similar ionic radii to the element they are substituting for

63
Q

what are coordination numbers and what do they represent

A

describes the number of closest neighbors surrounding a central ion. the CN is a function of the relative sizes of cations/anions

64
Q

what are the five radius ratio limits, their coordination number and the resulting geometric shapes

A
  1. RR=0.155-0.225
    CN=3
    Triangular coordination
  2. RR=0.225-0.414
    CN=4
    Tetrahedral coordination
  3. RR= 0.414-0.732
    CN=6
    Octahedral coordination
  4. RR=0.732-1.0
    CN=8
    Cubic coordination
  5. RR= 1.0
    CN=12
    Closest packing
65
Q

what is the difference between hexagonal and cubic closest packing?

A

HCP has a packing sequence of ABABAB…
CCP has a packing sequence of ABCABC…

66
Q

what is the first of Pauling’s rules

A

coordination principle- CN are determined by the ratio of cation to anion radii

67
Q

what is the third of Pauling’s rules

A

sharing of polyhedral elements I- the sharing of edges of faces between Polyhedra is unstable

68
Q

what is the second of Pauling’s rules

A

electrostatic valency principle- the strength of a bond is equal to ionic charge divided by coordination number

69
Q

what is the fourth of Pauling’s rules

A

sharing of polyhedral elements II- cations of high charge AND small CN do not share polyhedral elements with each other

70
Q

what is the fifth of Pauling’s rules

A

principle of parsimony- the number of different types of cations are limited

71
Q

what is isodesmic structure

A

all bonds are equal strength

72
Q

what is a mesodesmic structure?

A

electro valency number is 1/2 the valence number of the cation

73
Q

what is a aniodesmic structure?

A

bonds are different strengths

74
Q

what are the four types of bonds

A
  • ionic
  • covalent
  • metallic
  • van der waals
75
Q

hown do ionic bonds work

A

the exchange of electrons

76
Q

what are the strongest bonds

A

ionic

77
Q

how to covalent bonds work

A

the sharing of electrons

78
Q

what are the weakest bonds

A

van der waals

79
Q

what does solid solution mean?

A

minerals can have a range of compositions withing some finite limits

80
Q

at what percentage is difference complete solid solution?

A

15%

81
Q

at what percentage is difference limited solid solution?

A

15-30%

82
Q

at what percentage is no solid solution possible?

A

> 30%

83
Q

how can ions of different charge but similar size be substituted?

A

coupled substitution

84
Q

what is substitutional solid solution?

A

simple cation and anion substitution

85
Q

when does interstitial solid solution occur?

A

when a specific atomic site is normally empty but may host additional ions in the interstices of a structure

86
Q

what is omission solid solution?

A

implies unfilled or vacant atomic structures

commonly referred to as DEFECT structures

87
Q

what is a symmetry element?

A

features that express the symmetry of an ordered arrangement

88
Q

what is a symmetry operation?

A

the process that results in a symmetry element

89
Q

what are the four symmetry elements?

A
  • mirror plane
  • rotation axis
  • center of symmetry
  • rotoinversion axis
90
Q

what is a mirror plane

A

an imaginary line dividing a crystal, in which either side of the line a symmetrical

91
Q

what is a rotation axis

A

two imaginary points, located opposite each other through which an object can be rotated around x times and the image is the exact same

EX: a three bladed fan could be rotated three times and produce the exact same image each time (called a threefold rotation axis)

92
Q

what is a center of symmetry

A

when a face has another identical, but opposite face

93
Q

what is a rotoinversion axis

A

an object has a rotoinversion axis if it can be rotated AND inverted and still remain the same

94
Q

what are the six crystal systems?

A
  • isometric
  • Hexagonal
  • Tetragonal
  • Orthorhombic
  • monoclinic
  • triclinic
95
Q

what are crystallographic axes?

A

three imaginary reference lines

96
Q

what is the only crystal system that has four crystallographic axes?

A

hexagonal

97
Q

what do symmetry contents notation indicate?

A

a shorthand way of describing symmetry content

98
Q

what are miller indicies

A

the intercepts of the X,Y,Z axis respectively.

99
Q

why does crystal twinning form?

A

a rational, synthetic intergrowth of two or more crystals

100
Q

what are the possible twin elements

A
  • contact twins
  • penetration twins
  • multiple twins
101
Q

define contact twins

A

a composition plane joins the two individuals, separated twin plane

102
Q

define pentration twins

A

intergrown crystals

103
Q

define multiple twins

A

2 or more crystals repeared by the same law

104
Q

define polysynthetic twins

A

occurs if all composition surfaces are parallel

105
Q

what is a twin plane?

A

surface along which lattice points are shared

106
Q

what is pericline twinning?

A

microcline twinned according to the pericline law

107
Q

what is polymorphism?

A

the ability of one chemical compound to occur in more than one type of structure as temperature/pressure changes

EX: Carbon produces diamond AND graphite

108
Q

what is polytyptism?

A

a kind of polymorphism in which

109
Q

what is order displacive polymorphism?

A

when a solid solution of two elements occur at a specific site

110
Q
A

GEOS 3464 EARTH MATS (3 decks)

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