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Anatomy and Physiology of Domestic Animals > Exam 1 Material > Flashcards

Exam 1 Material Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

refers to the science which deals with the form and structure of all organisms

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2
Q

Physiology

A

study of the intergrated functions of the body, and the functions of all its parts

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3
Q

Pathology

A

the study of the disease of the body

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4
Q

Gross Anatomy

A

study of the form and relations of the structures of the body that can be seen with the unaided eye.

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5
Q

Comparative Anatomy

A

study of the structures of various species of animals

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6
Q

Microscopic Anatomy

A

study of those cells and tissues that can only be seen with a microscope

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7
Q

Cranial

A

toward the head

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8
Q

Caudal

A

toward the tail

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9
Q

Rostral

A

used with caudal within the head to mean towards the nose

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10
Q

Medial

A

close to or toward the median plane

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11
Q

Lateral

A

away from the median plane

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12
Q

Dorsal

A

toward or beyond the backbone or vertebral column

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13
Q

Median Plane

A

passes through the body craniocaudally which divides the body into equal left and right halves

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14
Q

Sagittal Plane

A

any plane parallel to the median plane

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15
Q

Transverse Plane

A

any right angle to the median plane; divides body into cranial and caudal segments

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16
Q

Horizontal Plane

A

at right angles to both the median plane and transverse planes

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17
Q

Transverse Example

A

cinch on horse

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18
Q

Horizontal Plane Example

A

cow in lake up to her chest

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19
Q

4 Cavities

A

Dorsal, Ventral, Parietal, Visceral

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20
Q

Dorsal Cavity

A

cranial and spinal area, cushions and protects things

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21
Q

Ventral Cavity

A

thoracic and abdominopelvic area, stomach, allows for protection, organ movement, prevents friction

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22
Q

Parietal

A

walls of cavity

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23
Q

Visceral

A

covering of an organ

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24
Q

Cell

A

smallest unit of life

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25
Q

4 types of Tissues

A

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

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26
Q

Alcmaeon

A

first man to make a significant contribution in biology

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27
Q

Herophilus and Erasistratus

A

first scientific studies designed to discover the workings. of human anatomy; cutting up convicted criminals

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28
Q

Galen

A

arteries contain blood, not air

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29
Q

Vesalius

A

disproves some of Galen’s work

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30
Q

Harvey

A

wrote a book; blood is pumped in a circuit

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31
Q

Malpihi

A

observes capillaries through a microscope

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32
Q

Leeuwenhoek

A

observes semen from a dog under a microscope

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33
Q

Dujardin

A

identifies protoplasm

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34
Q

Brown

A

discovers the nucleus in plant cells

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35
Q

Schleiden and Swann

A

first coherent account of cell formation as the building process of all life

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36
Q

Eukaryotric

A

nucleus

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37
Q

Prokaryotic

A

no nucleus

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38
Q

Functions of Cell Membrane

A
  1. provide physical isolation
  2. regulate exchange
  3. provide sensitivity
  4. provides structural support
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39
Q

Membrane transport

A

selectively premeable membrane

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40
Q

Things effecting membrane transport

A
  1. size
    2.solubility
    3.ionic change
  2. are carrier proteins available
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41
Q

Substances that pass through quickly:

A

water, urea, oxygen, barbituents, anesthetics

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42
Q

Cytoplasm

A

mostly water with chemical compounds in solution or colloidd

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43
Q

___ compounds go into solutions

A

polar

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44
Q

___ compounds go into colloidal suspension

A

nonpolar

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45
Q

red blood cells in animals do not have a ___

A

nucleus

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46
Q

Nucleolus

A

site of ribosomal formation

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47
Q

Nucleus

A

control center of the cell, chromatin

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48
Q

Lyosomes

A

packages digestive enzymes, maintained and repairs organelles, suicide if needed

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49
Q

ER

A

skeleton on the cell, connects with outer nuclear and cell membrane

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50
Q

ER function

A
  1. synthesis
  2. storage
  3. detox
  4. transport within ER
51
Q

Cisternae

A

sac like or channel like cavities in the ER

52
Q

Rough ER

A

for protein synthesis, attached ribosome

53
Q

Smooth ER

A

fat transport, sex hormone synthesis

54
Q

Golgi Functions

A
  1. collection of flat saclike cisternae
  2. concentration and collection of cellular compounds
  3. storage warehouse of the cell
  4. carbohydrate synthesis site
55
Q

Ribosomes

A

site of protein synthesis, no membrane covering

56
Q

__ contains the code for the protein that the ribosome synthesizes

57
Q

Transcription

A

messenger RNA copies DNA code and leaves nucleus

58
Q

Translation

A

transfer RNA picks up amino acid

59
Q

Mitochondria

A

powerhouse of the cell, respiratory center

60
Q

Centrosome

A

two centrioles at right angles to each other (9 sets of triplet fibers)

61
Q

Centrioles

A

oldest known organelle, form spindle fibers during cell division, guide duplicated chromosomes to daughter cells

62
Q

Only cell in human with flagella:

A

sperm cell

63
Q

Bloodstream is __% water

64
Q

Body weight is __% water

65
Q

Most abundant substance in cells

66
Q

Inorganic compounds in the human

A

CO2,O2, water, salt

67
Q

Level of oxygen in atmosphere:

68
Q

Ammonia

A

By-product of amino acid breakdown,contains nitrogen, converted to urea in liver

69
Q

Five Carbon Carbs

A

deoxyribose, ribose

70
Q

Six Carbon Carbs

A

glucose and fructose

71
Q

Carbs function:

A

energy storage and cell structure

72
Q

3 elements needed for muscle contraction and nervous transmission:

A

sodium, potassium, and chloride

73
Q

__% of triglycerides in body are triglycerides

74
Q

Saturated Fat

A

fatty acids with a single covalent bond

75
Q

Unsaturated Fat

A

fatty acids have one or more double covalent bonds

76
Q

Lipid functions:

A

energy, insulation, protection

77
Q

__is the most abundant organic compound in our body

78
Q

__ types of proteins in the body

79
Q

Deoxyribonucleic acid

A

genetic material of the cell

80
Q

Ribonucleic acid

A

protein synthesis; mRNA and tRNA

81
Q

Purines

A

adenine, guanine

82
Q

Pyramidines

A

uracil, thymine, cytin

83
Q

Energy is store in the ___ of the ATP

A

2nd and 3rd phosphate

84
Q

Diffusion

A

movement of molecules from area of high concentration to low concentration

85
Q

“Going down the concentration gradient”

86
Q

Brownian movement

A

random collision of diffusing molecules

87
Q

Osmosis

A

movement of water through semipermeable membrane from high concentration to low concentrations, special form of diffusion

88
Q

Active Transport

A

used by cells to obtain sugars, amino acids, larger proteins, and fats, needs ATP

89
Q

Hypertrophy

A

increase in cell size beyond normal

90
Q

Hyperplasia

A

an increase in the size of a structure because of an increase

91
Q

Atrophy

A

decrease in cell size

92
Q

Aplasia

A

failure of tissue to develop

93
Q

Hypoplasia

A

incomplete or defective development of a tissue

94
Q

Phagocytosis

A

engulfing of material by surrounding it; ex: white blood cells

95
Q

Pinocytosis

A

process of bringing in extracellular material that is unable and too large to be absorbed by active transport

96
Q

Metabolism

A

cellular utilization of nutrient essentially entailing the oxidation of carbon compounds

97
Q

3 byproducts of metabolism

A

CO2, metabolic water, energy

98
Q

Anabolic

A

building of substances from different or less complex precursors; process usually uses energy

99
Q

Catabolic

A

the breakdown of substances to their end products with production of energy from utilization, storage, heat

100
Q

Excretion

A

release of waste products (urea, CO2)

101
Q

Secretion

A

release of useful products (bile salts, hormones)

102
Q

Irritability

A

ability to respond to a stimuli (nerve and muscle cells)

103
Q

Conductivity

A

ability to transmit and impulse (nerve and muscle cells)

104
Q

Contractility

A

ability to shorter in one direction (muscle cells)

105
Q

__ types of cells

106
Q

Histology

A

study of cells

107
Q

Epithelial functions:

A
  1. protects underlying tissue
  2. absorbs nutrients
  3. Secretes hormones, mucus, enzymes
  4. excretes waste
108
Q

Squamous

A

flat (protection)

109
Q

Cuboidal

A

cube shaped (protection and secretion)

110
Q

Columnar

A

tall and rectangular (secretion and absorption)

111
Q

Stratified

A

several layers

112
Q

pseudo-stratified

A

appears to be several layers but its not

113
Q

transitional

A

several layers of easily stretched cells

114
Q

areas with simple squamous:

A

heart, kidney,tubules

115
Q

areas with stratified squamous

A

mouth, rectum

116
Q

mucous membrane

A

mucus production

117
Q

exocrine glands

A

simple and compound

118
Q

endocrine

A

hormone secretion

119
Q

endothelium

A

lines vessels (endocardium)

120
Q

mesothelium

A

lines great cavities

121
Q

Connective tissue matrix components:

A
  1. collagen
  2. elastin
122
Q

Areolar

A

injury repair, phagocytosis, inflammatory response

123
Q

adipose

A

fat storage

124
Q

reticular

Anatomy and Physiology of Domestic Animals (1 decks)

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