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ASCI 110 > Exam 1 Material > Flashcards

Exam 1 Material Flashcards

1
Q

What is nutrition?

A

the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary (in the form of food) to support life

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2
Q

Prehension

A

how an animal grasps its food

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3
Q

prehensile adaptations

A

Forelimb (primates, raccoon)
Snout (elephant, tapir)
Tongue (anteater, cow)
Lips (horse, sheep)

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4
Q

the digestive tract

A

the basic flow and anatomy of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), also known as the digestive tract or gut

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5
Q

flow of the digestive tract

A

mouth (teeth, tongue)
pharynx
esophagus
stomach (can have multiple chambers with different functions)
small intestine
large intestine aka colon (cecum/ceca/appendix)
also accessory digestive organs: salivary glands, pancreas, liver

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6
Q

the mouth/mastication

A

mastication: how an animal chews its food
large canines indicates ripping of food
a pregastric function
physical reduction of feed
especially important in non ruminant herbivores
masticatory adaptations include large canines and incisors (carnivores), specialized molars (herbivores), relative toothlessness of edentates (sloths, armadillos)
some species have rough/striated palates so feed can be pressed along the edges to help rip apart food
mouth shape gives an idea to the type of prehensile adaptation the animal has
tongues vary in roughness to help shred food-important in herbivores with plant materials

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7
Q

esophagus/deglutition

A

deglutition (swallowing): how an animal pushes food down to its stomach
another pregastric function
reflex initiated by presence of food in pharynx
propulsion of food to stomach by esophageal peristalsis
varies little with diet but quantity and composition of saliva varies considerably

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8
Q

salivary functions

A 
moisten feed (salt and water)
lubrication (aids swallowing)
nutrient digestion
buffering: trying to neutralize things
nitrogen recycling (urea)
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9
Q

the stomach

A

stomachs can contain 1 or more chambers
mono gastric: stomach with 1 chamber, also called “simple stomach” EX: human, dog, pig, horse, mouse, etc…
Ruminant: stomach with 4 chambers EX: cow, sheep, deer, moose, etc…
there are also other types

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10
Q

which of the following is a prehensile adaptation?

a. How an animal swallows
b. Whether or not an animal has canine teeth
c. How an animal grasps its food
d. If an animal makes a lot of watery spit

A

C. How an animal grasps its food

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11
Q

Where is the small intestine?

a. Before the stomach and the large intestine
b. After the stomach and the large intestine
c. Before the stomach but after the large intestine
d. After the stomach but before the large intestine

A

d. After the stomach but before the large intestine

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12
Q

the simple stomach digestion

A

Major functions: secretion of gastric juices (therefore called the gastric stomach)
Hydrolytic digestion by acid, enzymes (especially of protein)
-Pepsin
-These enzymes are specific for what they act on/species specific
Reservoir for controlled release of digesta to small intestine
-To prevent constant acid flow throughout the small intestine to not destroy the small intestine
Mixing and mechanical breakdown of feed
-Larger bulk of food getting mixed with each other along with the saliva, acid, and enzymes to begin the breakdown process
-Surface area exposure is important because the more surface area the more contact points there are between the food and the acid for breakdown

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13
Q

what is the rumen?

A

Complex stomach with four compartments
The digesta flows through the ruminant stomach in this order:
-Reticulum
-Rumen
–The reticulum and rumen have a high level of interaction: also called reticulo-rumen
-Omasum
-Abomasum

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14
Q

bloat

A

buildup of froth

  • The stop of intake due to high carbohydrate intake leads to a buildup of lactate which leads to a buildup of soluble protein broth causes bloat
  • Can lead to suffocation
  • Not methane
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15
Q

reticulum

A

Honeycomb structure
Main function is mixing and regurgitation
-Eructation: “chewing your cud”, burping back up and regurgitate food bolus’
–May regurgitate the food particles about 20 times but will regurgitate more the longer the food they consume is
—Grains don’t take as much regurgitation as long hay
—More chewing for dryer food/hay than grass
No enzymes secreted by the animal
Microbe activity
Digesta can pass back and forth from the rumen to the reticulum (that’s why it’s often called reticulo-rumen)

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16
Q

the rumen

A 
Surface covered with papillae
-Can be an inch long!
No enzymes secreted by the animal
Very little oxygen
pH 5.5 to 7
-Low pH is a big problem for ruminants
-High pH is not as much of a problem
-Ideal: 6-6.4 pH
39 degrees celsius
10 to 15% Dry matter (85-90% water)
-Idea behind rumen contractions is to bring the water from the bottom of the rumen to the top of the rumen and get the microbes/water on top of the dry matter
Microbe activity
-Anaerobic
-100% responsible digestion/food breakdown
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17
Q

microbes

A

“Microbes” is the collective term for
-Bacteria: dominant in term of numbers
-Protozoa: larger eukaryotes that have large biomass but fewer number
-Fungi: not a lot known about fungi
These microbes break down feed ingested by the animal
-No secretions! Microbes latch onto feed particles and release THEIR enzymes that breaks down the feed
Each species of microbe has its own niche and requirements
-They compete with each other but also have their own space
-Their breakdown pathways and what they breakdown is unique per microbe
-Vast majority are in the liquid

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18
Q

movement of material through the rumen

A

Lightweight, low density material such as straw, needs longer to digest and floats to the top (long dry grass)/long pieces get stuck up here as well: Fiber mat
Medium dense material sinks to the bottom (hay)/short pieces
Very dense material falls into the cranial sac (grains)
As material from the raft is broken down, the particles absorb water and become heavier and sink
About every 60 seconds a rumen contraction occurs which puts the liquid phase on top of the light, fibrous material to help it get water logged and microbe breakdown can begin which makes it smaller and smaller which allows it to sink deeper into the rumen to continue breakdown

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19
Q

omasum

A

Function rather poorly understood
Function is to absorb water
Looks like a huge book with a bunch of pages=incredible amount of surface area which is very important for water absorption!

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20
Q

abomasum

A

True, glandular stomach, secretes HCl, pepsin, etc…
Functions similarly to monogastric stomach (therefore called gastric compartment of ruminant stomach)
Also secretes gastric lysozyme (enzyme that efficiently breaks down bacterial walls)

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21
Q

the small intestine

A

Functions of the SI:

  • Similar among species:
  • -Mixing: still peristaltic movement by propulsion in the SI tube
  • -Propulsion
  • -Lubrication: different secretions enter the upper part of theSI that helps to lubricate the digesta to help prevent tearing/cuts on the intestinal wall
  • -Digestion of most substances
  • -Absorption of most substances: the end of the SI is most important for absorption
  • –Nutrient inefficiency goes way down if there are issues with the SI
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22
Q

small intestine segments

A

Duodenum:
-Short segment where buffers and enzymes enter via bile and pancreatic secretions (first segment-closest to the stomach) pH around 7
Jejunum:
-Main site of absorption of most nutrients (some exceptions depending on species) (mid region)
Ileum
-Connects to large intestine (last segment)
–Potential absorption here depending on species

23
Q

Accessory organs associated with the small intestine

A

Digesta never flows through these accessory organs but interact strongly with the digesta
Pancreas: secrete enzymes and bicarbonate (HCO3-)
-Neutralize acids entering from stomach using HCO3-
Liver: Secrete bile, bile salts, bicarbonate, organic waste
Gallbladder: store and concentrate bile between meals

24
Q

the large intestine

A

The cecum: considered to be the beginning of the large intestine
-Also called the blind sac
-Varies in species-the size can tell you a lot about the animal→
-Important role in nutrient digestion in some species:
-Function is similar to rumen:
–Has microbe population
–Microbes are important for breakdown of feedstuffs
The colon: mostly water and mineral absorption for most animals
-Striated=muscles for pushing, lined with mucus
-Determines the type of feces
-All species maintain a microbe population in their large intestine
–Microbes in large intestine have similar function as those in rumen
–Importance of microbe population in large intestine toward nutrition of the animal depends on the animal species
-Absorption of byproducts from microbe activity more prevalent in some species than others:
–If the animal has microbe capacity earlier in the digestive tract (foregut fermenters) than microbes in colon not very important for nutrition
–If the animal does not have microbe capacity earlier in the digestive tract (hindgut fermenters) then microbial activity in colon is important for digestion and nutrition
-Reliance on the colon microbe population depends on if there is a rumen (lower reliance on colon microbe population) or a highly developed cecum (lower reliance on colon microbe population) or both or not also depends on diet/food
–Omnivore leaning towards herbivore/herbivore will have more microbe pockets

25
Q

What is a deglutitory adaptation?

A

Deglutition (swallowing): how an animal pushes food down to its stomach

26
Q

What is encompassed within the term “microbes”?

Bacteria
Protozoa
Fungi
Bacteria, protozoa, fungi
Bacteria, protozoa
A

bacteria, protozoa, fungi

27
Q

pregastric fermenters

A

also called foregut fermenters
Animals that have a microbial population BEFORE the gastric compartment of their stomach
They rely on microbes present in the pregastric chamber(s), less reliance on colonic/cecal microbes
-Ruminants: cattle, sheep, deer, antelope, camel
–Grazing herbivores, selective herbivores including folivores and frugivores
–(Rumen and reticulum before Abomasum)
-Nonruminants: colobine monkey, hamster, vole, kangaroo, hippopotamus, hoatzin
–Selective herbivore, selective herbivores, grazing and selective herbivores, folivore
These animals are not good at digesting plant materials-it is fully reliant on the microbes in that digestive tract when it comes to digesting the plant materials

28
Q

post gastric fermenters

A

also called hindgut fermenters
Animals that have a microbial population AFTER their gastric stomach
First time microbes access the feed is after the small intestine
Omnivores and carnivores always postgastric fermenters, some herbivores
Cecal fermenters: capybara, rabbit (lemming), rat, mice
Grazer, selective herbivores, omnivores
Colonic fermenters: elephant, horse, zebra, new world monkeys, pig, human, panda, dog, cat
Grazers, folivores, omnivores, herbivore, omnivore, carnivore

29
Q

What about the chicken?

A

Crop: storage area for food
A Lot of grain feed creates a risk for crop impaction
Proventriculus: glandular region
Closest t true stomach/abomasum/acid and enzymatic secretion stomach
Gizzard: mechanical region
Stores rocks to help grind food
Muscular striated pouch that rips the feed apart to release nutrients
Cloaca: urine, feces, and egg exit
Small Intestine: similar to typical SI
Two cecums=ceca
Classified as postgastric cecal digesters!*

30
Q

what is the first segment of the SI

A

duodenum

31
Q

what is the second segment of the SI?

A

jejunum

32
Q

what is the last segment of the SI?

A

ileum

33
Q 
are these important accessory digestive organs?
pancreas
liver
lung
spleen
gallbladder
A 
Pancreas: Y
Liver: Y
Lung: N-breathing
Spleen: N-immune
Gallbladder: Y
34
Q

development of the stomach

A

Many animals have poorly functioning stomachs at birth, takes hours to days for secretions to get started and for capacity to increase
In ruminants:
Rumen is not developed at birth
Abomasum is the primary chamber of digestion in newborn ruminants
This is true for weeks to potentially months

35
Q

milk intake in calves

A

Milk ingested by the calf is funneled directly to the abomasum and bypasses the rumen
The esophageal groove is the term for the folds of muscle that make a tube for the milk to flow from the esophagus directly to the abomasum
Esophageal is a pair of muscles that come around and forms a tube that bypasses the rumen
Why is this important?
Microbes are in the rumen, and if they access the milk first they will ferment it
Because milk sugars are disaccharides it is easy to digest the rumen is bypassed so the calf can break it down and get all the nutrients and energy and to avoid fermentation by the rumen

36
Q

importance of giving the rumen microbes the right nutrients

A

Though we do not want milk to flow to the rumen, it is very important that we give calves other feed sources that will go to the rumen
The feed that goes to the rumen is important for rumen wall and papillae development, and to maintain a healthy microbe population in the rumen

37
Q

a nutrient

A

a chemically distinct constituent or group of constituents of food that aids in the support of life

38
Q

major nutrient classes

A

inorganic: water and minerals
organic: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins

39
Q

properties and functions of water

A

solvent and ionizing powers
facilitates digestion, transport, and excretion of other nutrients
involved in many biochemical reactions as a reactant or product

40
Q

water is a constant requirement because we lose water through…

A

feces: species/animal specific regarding the amount lost
urine: bright yellow=less water compared to the other excreted nutrients
evaporation: continuous process-maybe not excessive but constant

41
Q

sources of body water

A 
drinking free water
metabolic water from nutrient oxidation: releasing water
polymerization reactions
preformed water in catabolized tissues
in feed
42
Q

water in feed

A 
Variable depending on the feed type
Variable depending on the processing method
Variable depending on the storage method
The % water in feed is the % moisture
100%-%water=dry matter (DM)
DM includes all the non-water nutrients
43
Q

feed type

A 
Soybean meal:
-89% DM
-11% water
Whey:
-20% DM
-80% water
44
Q

processing methods

A 
Cracked corn
-88% DM
-12% water
High moisture corn:
-72% DM
-28% water
45
Q

storage methods

A 
Grass silage
-37% DM
-63% water
Grass hay
-88% DM
-12% water
46
Q

determining dry matter content of feed

A

Weight of the feed eaten: “as=is” or “as-fed” weight

Weight of the feed after being dried in an oven for 48 hours at 65 degrees celsius: dry matter content

47
Q

what are carbohydrates?

A

simple carbohydrates

complex carbohydrates

48
Q

simple carbohydrates

A 
Monosaccharides:
-Chemical formula is Cx(H2O)y
-Can be:
--Diose: 2 Carbon atoms
--Triose: 3 Carbon atoms
--Tetrose: 4 Carbon atoms
--Pentose: 5 Carbon atoms
--Hexose: 6 Carbon atoms
--Heptose: 7 Carbon atoms
--Etc. -but 8+ not common
Disaccharides:
-Maltose: alpha1-4 linked glucose
-Cellobiose: beta1-4 linked glucose
49
Q

complex carbohydrates

A

polysaccharides

50
Q

carbohydrates in plants

A

major components in plant tissues
-approximately 70% of DM in forages is carbohydrate
-up to 85% of DM in seeds
synthesized in plants from chloroplasts (solar energy, CO2H2O)

51
Q

starch

A

Soluble component of the plant cell
Energy reserve in roots, tubers, and seeds
Long chain of alpha1-4linked glucose: therefore is repeating maltoses
Two types of starch:
-Amylose: straight, non-branching chain of alpha1, 4 linked glucose
-Amylopectin: alpha1, 6 branch point

52
Q

pectin

A

Heterogeneous group of branched polysaccharides
Form a matrix in the cell wall
-Provides resistance to compression
-‘Glue’ that cements adjacent cells together
-Remember in processing we use it as a jelling agent (homemade jam)
Some pectin is digestible

53
Q

cellulose

A

Major component of plant cell walls
Large chain of beta1-4 linked glucose: therefore, is chain of cellobioses
Insoluble and resistant to breakdown except by cellulase produced by microbes (rumen, colon)
Provides tensile strength (comparable to steel)
Bundle of ~40 cellulose chains is a cellulose microfibril

ASCI 110 (3 decks)

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