Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Livestock Repro > Exam 1: Male & Female Anatomy, Spermatogenesis > Flashcards

Exam 1: Male & Female Anatomy, Spermatogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

Testes

A

lie outside the abdomen within the scrotum and produce spermatozoa and hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Spermatic Cord

A

extends from the inguinal ring to the dorsal pole of the testis and provides a pathway to and from the body for the vasculature, lymphatics, nerves, and the ductus deferens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Scrotum

A

two lobed sack that supports and protects the testis and is required for thermoregulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Excurrent Duct System

A

consists of the efferent ducts, the epididymal ducts, and ductus deferens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Accessory Sex Glands

A

consists of the seminal vesicles, prostrate, bulbourethral glands, and ampulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Layerings covering the testis

A

Visceral Tunica Vaginalis - parietal layer that lines the scrotum
Tunica Albuginea - white covering

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Functions of the epididymis

A
  1. Concentrate
  2. Store
  3. Passageway
  4. Final Maturation Site
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Extragonadal Reserves

A

male may have adequate sperm production in the testes but if epididymal tail reserves are depleted, he will not be as fertile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Differences in Accessory Sex Glands among species

A

Boars do NOT have ampulla
Bull and Ram have lobular shaped vesicular glands, while Stallion has elongated hollow pouches
Boar has well developed vesicular glands, large bulbourethral glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Compare prostrates between species

A

Bull - both corpus and disseminate
Boar - mostly disseminate
Ram - entirely disseminate
Stallion - no disseminate, but 2 lateral lobes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Cavernous Bodies of the Penis

A

3 Parts: Base, Shaft, Glans

Corpus Spongiosum - surrounds urethra and enlarged at the ischial arch to form the penile bulb
Corpus Cavernosum - pair of crura from ischial arch and is covered by IM
Ischiocavernous Muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Intromission

A

entry of the penis into the vagina of the female

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Emission

A

the movement of spermatic fluid along the ductus deferens to the pelvic urethra where it is mixed with secretion from the accessory glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Ejaculation

A

passage of semen along the penile urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Different Shapes of Glans Penis

A

Cow - fibroblastic penis, sigmoid flexure, S shape
Ram - fibroblastic penis, sigmoid flexure, S shape
Boar - fibroblastic penis, corkscrew shape
Stallion - vascular penis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Fibroblastic Type Penis vs Vascular Type

A

Fibroblastic - erection is controlled by sigmoid flexure which relaxes allowing an erection to occur, once the erection is complete, the retractor penis muscle returns to its original position
Vascular - erection at vascular penis enlarges due to an increase in blood flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Structures that help regulate testicular temperature and how each one regulates

A

Skin and Scrotum
Cremaster Muscle - supporting muscle of the testis that contracts and relaxes to raise and lower the testes in the scrotum and creates a pumping action of PP facilitating blood flow and enhancing cooling
Tunica Dartos - smooth muscle layer which lies just beneath the scrotal skin and changes surface area based on heat
Pampiniform Plexus - interwined arteries and veins that form counter current heat exchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the origin of the duct system for male and female

A

Pronephros regresses and is replaced by mesonephros which produces Wolffian ducts as Mullerian ducts develop. Testis determining factor is synthesized by sex cords and development of the male reproductive system is stimulated and testes secrete anti-Mullerian duct hormone which regresses Mullerian ducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What do the Wolffian ducts develop into

A

Rete testis, Efferent Ducts, Epididymis, and Vas Deferens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Passage of Spermatozoa in the tract

A
  1. Spermatazoa made in ST which empty into the rete testis
  2. Rete testis then joins the efferent duct which empties into the head of the epididymis
  3. Spermatazoa travel from the head of the epididymis to the body, and tail
  4. Tail to the ductus deferens
  5. Ductus deferens enlarges in the pelvic region to become the ampulla
  6. Vesicular glands empty into the pelvic urethra followed by the prostrate gland and the bulbourethral glands
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Sections of the broad ligament and what they support

A

Mesovarium - supports the ovary
Mesosalpinx - supports the oviduct
Mesemetrium - supports the uterus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does the Mullerian duct system develop into

A

Forms a uterus, cervix, oviduct, and anterior part of the vagina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Ovary

A

performs exocrine and endocrine function

produces ova, estrogen, progesterone, oxytocin, inhibin, activin and relaxin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Outer covering of the ovary

A

Tunica Albuginea

Ovarian Cervix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Cortex and Medulla arrangement of ovaries

A

Medulla is the central part and contains the vasculature, nerves, and lymphatics. cervix is outer part
(medulla and cervix are reversed in mares)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Where does ovulation occur in the mare in comparison to other species

A

Ovulation Fossa in mares

Random locations of cows, ewes, sows

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Ovarian follicle development

A

Primordial germ cells arise extragonadally and migrate through the yolk sac to genital ridges. Oogonia are produced by mitotic division
Primary Follicle-ooycte surrounded by a single layer of follicular cells
Secondary Follicles-2 or more layers of follicular cells but no antrum. Oocyte surrounded by a thick layer called zona pellucida
Tertiary Follicle-dominant preovulatory follicle (Graffian follicle)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Primordial follicles

A

microscopic and develop into a more advanced follicle - primary follicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Primary follicle

A

oocyte surrounded by a single layer of follicular cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Secondary follicles

A

2 or more layers of follicular cells but no antrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Zona Pellucida

A

oocyte surrounded by a thick layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Tertiary follicle

A

secondary turns into an antral follicle (tertiary follicle) with the formation of a fluid filled compartment and then becomes the dominant preovulatory follicle (Graffian follicle)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Tertiary follicles three distinct layers

A

Theca Externa - mostly connective tissue and completely surrounds and supports the ovary
Theca Interna - just beneath and these cells respond to LH and produce androgens
Granulosa - beneath interna and separated by basement membrane and responds to FSH and produce estrogens, inhibin, and follicular fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Corpus Hemorrhagicum

A

when the dominant follicle ovulates, small blood vessels rupture causing a local hemorrhage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Corpus Luteum

A

after formation of CH, theca interna and granulosa cells differentiate into luteal cells to form CL and produce progesterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Corpus albicans

A

if fertilization does not occur, CL regresses and allows other ovarian follicles to mature and become while or pale brown

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Segments of the Oviduct

A

Fimbriae
Infundibulum
Ampulla
Isthmus

38
Q

Fimbriae

A

increase surface area of infundibulum and cause it to slip over the entire surface of the ovary near the time of ovulation

39
Q

Infundibulum

A

funnel-shaped opening near ovary

40
Q

Ampulla

A

occupies 1/2+ of oviductal length. large diameter

41
Q

Isthmus

A

smaller in diameter and is connected directly to the uterus at a point called uterotubal junction

42
Q

Ampullary-isthmic junction (AIJ)

A

junction between ampulla and isthmus

43
Q

Primary function of smooth muscle of oviduct

A

transport newly ovulated oocytes and spermatozoa to ampulla, the site of fertilization

44
Q

Oviductal fluid functions

A

Sperm Capacitation
Sperm Hyperactivation
Fertilization
Early Preimplantation Development

45
Q

Three types o futeri

A

Duplex
Bicornuate
Simplex

46
Q

Duplex Uterus

A

2 cervical canals and separate each uterine horn (2 horns) into distinct compartments (marsupials, rabbits)

47
Q

Bicornuate Uterus

A

2 distinct uterine horns and a small uterine body, 1 cervix

-horn length is dependent upon the degree of fusion between the Mullerian ducts (cows, ewe, mare, sow)

48
Q

Simplex Uterus

A

1 cervix, small uterine body with no distinct horns (humans)

49
Q

Perimetrium

A

serosal layer part of the peritoneum

50
Q

Myometrium

A

layers of muscle that provides motility to uterus and gives it a myometrial tone
-higher tone under influence of estrogen; less tone when under influence of progesterone

51
Q

Endometrium

A

inner portion of uterus composed of mucosa and submucosa

52
Q

Uterine Glands

A

develop from mucosal layer and penetrate into the submucosa and begin to coil under influence of estrogen and reach full secretor capacity under the influence of progesterone

53
Q

Functions of the Uterus

A

Sperm transport
Luteolytic Mechanisms
Implantation and Gestation
Parturition

54
Q

Sperm Transport

A

contraception of myometrium is essential for transport of sperm to the site of fertilization

55
Q

Luteolytic Mechanisms

A

local uteroovarian cycle whereby the CL stimulates the uterus to produce PGF2a which causes luteolysis

56
Q

Implantation and Gestation

A

surface of endometrium has small glandular areas that protrude from the surces of endometrium

57
Q

Parturition

A

uterus contracts at the time of parturition to expel the fetus and undergo involution

58
Q

Cervix

A

sphincter like structure that projects caudally into the vagina and is composed mostly of connective tissue

59
Q

Types of cervixes found in cow, sow, ewe, and mare

A

Cow and Ewe - several rings form interlocking finger-like projections; primary role is produce mucus
Sow - rings interdigitate to accommodate boar’s glans penis
Mare - conspicuous loose folds of mucosa

60
Q

Functions of the Cervix

A

Facilitate Sperm Transport
Act as a reservoir for sperm
Isolate the conceptus from the environment during pregnancy

61
Q

primary role of the vagina

A

serve as the copulatory organ as well as site for expulsion of urine

62
Q

Luminal Epithelium

A

near the cervix is generally columnar and highly secretory

63
Q

Posterior Vagina

A

having stratified squamous epithelium which thickens under influence of estrogen

64
Q

Vestibule

A

portion of the vagina common to the urinary and reproductive system

65
Q

Gartner’s ducts

A

blind sacs that open directly into the vestibule and are remnant of Wolffian duct

66
Q

External Genitalia

A 
Vulva
Skin of Labia
Perineum
Clitoris
Vestibular Glands
67
Q

Vestibular Glands (Bartholins Glands)

A

posterior portion of the vestibule and actively secrete a mucous-like material during estrus

68
Q

Semen

A

liquid cellular suspension containing spermatozoa and secretions from the accessory glands

69
Q

Acrosomal Cap

A

double walled structure situated between the plasma membrane and the anterior portion of the sperm head

70
Q

Acrosome

A

thin double layered membranous sac that is layered over the nucleus. contains acrosin, and hyaluronidase and other enzymes involved in fertilization

71
Q

Sperm Tail

A

composed of neck, middle, principal, and end pieces

72
Q

Middle Piece

A

region of the tail between neck and annulus

73
Q

Axoneme

A

central core of the middle piece plus the entire length of the tail. composed of 9 pairs of microtubules arranged around 2 central filaments

74
Q

Principal Piece

A

continues posteriorly from the annulus to near the end of the tail and is composed centrally of the axoneme and associated coarse fibers

75
Q

End Piece

A

posterior to termination of fibrous sheath and contains the central axoneme covered by the plasma membrane

76
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

takes place in seminiferous tubules and consists of all cellular transformations in developing germ cells

77
Q

Spermatocytogenesis

A

consists of mitotic divisions involving proliferation and maintenance of spermatogonia

78
Q

Spermiogenesis

A

morphological transformation of spherical spermatids into differentiated spermatozoa (process to get elongated)

79
Q

Spermatogonia

A

2N. most immature germ cells located at the periphery of the seminiferous tubule near the basement membrane. as they mature, they move towards the lumen

80
Q

Spermatogonia

A

undergo several mitotic divisions with the last division resulting in primary spermatocytes

81
Q

Types of Spermatogonia in sequence

A

A-undergo several mitotic divisions (A1 -> A4)
I
B

82
Q

What are the types of sperm cells in the basal and adluminal compartments and number of chromosomes in each

A

Basal:

  • Spermatogonia A (2N)
  • Spermatogonia B (2N)
  • Spermatogonia I (2N)

Adluminal:

  • Primary Spermatocytes (2N)???
  • Secondary Spermatocytes (1N)
  • Spermatids (1N)
83
Q

Phases involved in Spermiogenesis

A

Golgi Phase
Cap Phase
Acrosomal Phase
Maturation Phase

84
Q

Golgi Phase

A

proacrosomic vesicles form and fuse

85
Q

Cap Phase

A

acrosome cap begins to form, golgi moves caudally to begin in tail formation

86
Q

Acrosomal Phase

A

acrosome cap continues to form. manchette extends to form post nuclear cap

87
Q

Maturation Phase

A

portions of the manchette migrate to the tail and disappear - others form postnuclear cap. mitochondria in middle region give energy to the spermatazoa

88
Q

Spermiation

A

release of spermatozoa from the Sertoli cell into the lumen of the ST

89
Q

Cycle of Seminiferous Epithelium

A

progression through a complete series of cellular associations at one location along the ST

90
Q

Generation

A

cohort of cells that develop that develop as a synchronous group and each has a similar appearance and function

Livestock Repro (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions