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Biochem > Exam 1: M5 > Flashcards

Exam 1: M5 Flashcards

1
Q

Function of lipids

A
  1. components of membranes
  2. energy storage
    3.signaling events
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2
Q

properties of lipids

A
  1. not true polymers (don’t have regularly repeating monomers)
  2. Soluble in organic solvents and detergents
  3. mostly amphipathic
  4. lots of diff structures
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3
Q

4 lipid classes are

A
  1. Triacylglycerols
  2. (Glycero)phospholipids
  3. Sphingolipids
  4. Steroids/sterols
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4
Q

Most lipids contain

A

FA

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5
Q

FA contain carboxylic acid followed by long _____

A

hydrocarbon chains

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6
Q

a hydrocarbon tail is ____ carbon atoms long

A

14-20

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7
Q

Most common hydrocarbon chains

A

C16 and C18

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8
Q

FA can be ____ or ____

A

saturated or unsaturated

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9
Q

are unsaturated FA cis or trans bonds

A

cis, always!

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10
Q

physical properties affected by composition

A

mp, rigidity, length of tail, degree of sat

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11
Q

Examples of FA

A

stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, a-linolenic acid

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12
Q

mp inc w ___ mass

A

inc

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13
Q

mp dec w ___ degree of saturation

A

dec

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14
Q

fluidity inc w ____ degree of saturation

A

dec

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15
Q

where are triacylglycerols

A

adipose tissue in lipid droplets

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16
Q

function of triacylglycerols

A

storage fat in animal tissues

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17
Q

do triacylglycerides store more energy than carbs? why or why not

A

yes, they’re fully reduced and not hydrated

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18
Q

triacylglycerols are based on ___

A

glycerol

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19
Q

triacylglycerols are ___ and ____

A

nonpolar and hydrophobic

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20
Q

3 hydroxyl groups on glycerol connected to FA are connected by ____ linkages

A

ester

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21
Q

Are triacylglycerides amphipathic

A

no

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22
Q

are triacylglycerides in mems

A

no

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23
Q

glycerophospholipids are important components of

A

mems in lipid bilayers

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24
Q

glycerophospholipids are based on

A

glycerol-3-phosphate

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25
Q

glycerophospholipids: ester linkages to FA at positions

A

C1 and C2

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26
Q

X is often a ___ head group on glycerophosolipid

A

polar

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27
Q

glycerophospholipids are ___

A

amphipathic

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28
Q

phospholipids are important in

A

mems

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29
Q

common classes of glycerophospholipids (name of X-OH)

A

water
ethanolamine
choline
serine
myo-inosital

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30
Q

common classes of glycerophospholipids (formula of -X)

A

-H
-CH2CH2NH3+
-CH2CH2N(CH3)3+
-CH2CH(NH3+)COO-
sugar ring

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31
Q

common classes of glycerophospholipids (name of phospholipid)

A

phosphatidic acid
phosphatidylethanolamine
phosphatidylcholine
phosphatidylserine
phosphatidylinositol

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32
Q

what type of linkage links X polar head group to O on phosphate for glycerophosphate

A

phosphodiester

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33
Q

what are sphingolipids based on

A

alcohol sphingosine

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34
Q

are sphingolipids important in mem

A

yes, esp in nervous system

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35
Q

what is a ceramide

A

parent group of all sphingolipids; a sphingosine with FA linked to amino group

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36
Q

what type of linkage is a FA residue linked to glycerol-like portion of ceramide

A

amide

37
Q

most common sphingolipid

A

sphingomyelin

38
Q

structure of sphingomyelin

A

ceramide + phosphocholine OR phosphoethanolamine head group linked to OH

39
Q

what defines a sphingomyelin

A

phosphocholine or phosphoethanolamine linked to ceramide w/ palmitate reside linked through amide bond

40
Q

where are spingomyelins important

A

pm

41
Q

other sphingolipids are formed from ceramides and ___. these are called glycolipids

A

sugars

42
Q

structure of glycolipid

A

C3 alcohol/phosphate is replaced by sugar moiety

43
Q

cerebroside

A

ceramide _ 1 sugar residue (glucose, galactose)
no phosphate group, nonionic but still polar bc of sugar

44
Q

most complex sphingolipids

A

gangliosides

45
Q

ganglioside

A

ceramide + complex carbohydrate head groups
important in brain lipids
complex arrangement of sugar attached to one another linked off of this ceramide
receptors for toxin cholera

46
Q

steroids and sterols are built around molecule w/ 4 ___

A

fused rings and is planar

47
Q

sterol defined by -OH group at

A

C3

48
Q

sterols are weakly

A

amphipathic bc of rigid rings

49
Q

many other lipids are built around a 5C skeleton called

A

isoprenoids

50
Q

simplest aggregate

A

micelle

51
Q

micelles have a ____ membrane

A

single

52
Q

formation of micelles or bilayers is driven by

A

hydrophobic effect

53
Q

fluid like properties of bilayer membrane

A

lateral diffusions are common, transverse diffusion rare
constant mvmt
transition temp–> presence of cholesterol effects

54
Q

macromolecules have an ____ w/in the mem

A

orientation

55
Q

Phosphatidylinosital is an important

A

mem phospholipid

56
Q

PIs are modified at specific positions by additional

A

phosphate groups

57
Q

diff mems have diff ____

A

PI combinations

58
Q

the 2 leaflets have diff

A

compositions

59
Q

what achieves diff compositions of 2 sides of mem

A

flippases and translocases

60
Q

protein functions

A
  1. catalyze rxns (enzymes)
  2. transport molecule (channels. pores)
  3. Traffic molecules (coat proteins)
  4. relay signals (G proteins)
61
Q

what is key for identifying a mem

A

protein composition

62
Q

types of mem proteins

A

integral, peripheral, lipid-linked

63
Q

integral mems are ____ associated w bilayer

A

tightly

64
Q

integral membs are ____ but still amphipathic

A

hydrophobic

65
Q

structures that are transmembranic

A

alpha helices, beta barrels

66
Q

need minimim of ___ A to span 30 A bilayer

A

28

67
Q

to dec polar nature of backbone, ensure its fully

A

H bonded

68
Q

which structures have fully H bonded backbones

A

alpha helix or beta sheets

69
Q

hydropathy plots are useful for predicting

A

transmembrane helices

70
Q

in hydropathy plot, + means

A

hphobic aa

71
Q

in hydropathy plot, - means

A

hphilic aa

72
Q

What to look for on hydropathy plot

A

at least 20 aa that are hphobic

73
Q

peripheral mems are ___ associated w bilayer

A

loosely

74
Q

peripheral mem proteins can be dissociated from mem by

A

extreme pH or high salt

75
Q

peripheral mems bind to

A

specific lipids or to integral proteins

76
Q

peripheral mems are stabilized by electrostatic interactions and

A

H bonding

77
Q

lipid-linked proteins are

A

covalently attached to lipid and brings along protein of interest

78
Q

what are the diff ways to covalently link FA to protein of interest

A

prenylation, FA linkaged, GPI anhored

79
Q

prenylation

A

protein covalently attached to lipid
lipids are derived from isoprenoids

80
Q

2 diff isoprenoids

A

farnesyl residue and geranylgeranyl residue

81
Q

what do u get w prenylation

A

C-X-X-Y

82
Q

what happens during prenylation

A

one of the isoprenoids link up covalently to protein of interest at cysteine residue–> thioether linkage

83
Q

FA linkage: myristoylation

A

amide linkage to N terminal Gly

84
Q

FA linkage: palmitoylation

A

thioester linkage to Cys residue

85
Q

GPI anchored

A

-exists on exterior face of PM and really complicated linkage
-outer face of PM

86
Q

how does GPI anchor work

A

get phosphoinositol moeity linked to protein of interest via ethanolamine group and a core tetrasaccharide added co-tslnally in rough ER

-get protein covalently linked through lipid of interest via complex bridge w/ ethanolamine group and tetrasaccharide

87
Q

function of membranes

A
  1. structure and support
    ex. myelination around atoms
  2. separate cellular processes
    ex. gene expression and energy production
  3. sequester dangerous chemical rxns
    ex. breakdown of materials in lysosome
  4. provide platform or staging area for cellular processes
88
Q

why must membranes be connected

A

cells must move lipid and transmembrane protein and lipid cargo btwn compartments

Biochem (6 decks)

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