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Microbiology > EXAM 1: LO 1 & 2 > Flashcards

EXAM 1: LO 1 & 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Microbiology

A

the study of organisms too small to be seen by the unaided human eye

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2
Q

Bacteriology

A

the study of prokaryotic organisms (bacteria & archaea)

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3
Q

Phycology

A

the study of algae

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4
Q

Mycology

A

the study of fungi

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5
Q

Protozoology

A

the study of protozoa

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6
Q

Virology

A

the study of acellular infectious agents (viruses)

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7
Q

Immunology

A

the study of the body’s natural defense against disease (host resistance to disease)

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8
Q

Parasitology

A

Parasitic protozoa & parasitic animals

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9
Q

Bacteria & Archaea characteristics

A
  • Unicellular, lack nuclei (membrane-bound organelles)
  • Smaller than eukaryotes
  • Found everywhere there is sufficient moisture; some - isolated from extreme environments
  • Reproduced asexually
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10
Q

What are the 3 domains

A
  • Based on a comparison of ribosomal RNA
  • Bacteria (prokaryotic)
  • Archaea (prokaryotic)
  • Eukarya (eukaryotic)
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11
Q

What are the 6 kingdoms

A

Animalia
Plantae
Fungi
Protist
Archaea
Bacteria

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12
Q

Leeuwenhoek contributions to society

A
  • First to observe a microorganism
  • Began making & using simple microscopes
  • Examined water and visualized single-celled protozoa: “animalcules” (microorganisms)
  • Organisms too small to study with the human eye (microorganisms) were now being studied because of him
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13
Q

Koch contributions to society

A
  • Simple staining techniques
  • First photomicrograph of bacteria and bacteria in diseased tissue
  • Techniques for estimating CFU/ml
  • Use of steam to sterilize media
  • Use of Petri dishes
  • Techniques to transfer bacteria
  • Bacteria as a distinct species
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14
Q

Redi contributions to society

A
  • Designed a scientific experiment to test the spontaneous generation of maggots by placing fresh meat in each of three different jars:
  • Helped to disprove spontaneous generation
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15
Q

Pasteur contributions to society

A
  • Dealing with spontaneous generation
  • Created flasks with long, curved necks (swan neck flasks)
  • Result: no growth of microorganisms
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16
Q

Carolus Linnaeus

A

Developed taxonomic system for naming

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17
Q

Discuss the historical concept of spontaneous generation and the experiments that they were performed to discount it

A
  • Redi and Pasteur’s experiments!
  • The role of microorganisms in disease was not immediately obvious because infection disease was believed to be due to supernatural forces
  • Began with Aristotle
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18
Q

Protists examples

A

algae, protozoa, slime molds, water molds

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19
Q

Fungi examples

A

Yeast (unicellular) & mold (multicellular)

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20
Q

Animals examples

A
  • Small multicellular (mostly parasitic worms)
  • Not technically microbes but are studied by microbiologists (immunologists)
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21
Q

Bacteria cell walls are composed of what
Are they unicellular?

A

cell walls composed of peptidoglycan; some lack cell walls
Yes they are

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22
Q

Archaea cell walls are composed of what
Are they unicellular?

A

cell walls composed of polymers other than peptidoglycan
Yes they are

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23
Q

Viruses

A
  • Smallest of all microbes
  • Requires host cells to replicate
  • Cause range of diseases, some cancers
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24
Q

Viroids & Virusoids

A

Infectious agents composed of RNA

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25
Q

Prions

A

Infectious proteins

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26
Q

Microbiologists study all kingdoms, except ________

A

Plantae

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27
Q

Spontaneous generation

A

living organisms can develop from nonliving or decomposing matter

28
Q

Yeast generates_____ through fermentation

A

alcohol

29
Q

Protist cell walls are made up of what?
Are they unicellular?

A

Cellulose, maybe even with chloroplasts
Most are uni, some multi cellular

30
Q

Fungi cell walls are made up of what?
Are they unicellular?

A

Made up of chitin
Most multicellular, some uni

31
Q

Plantae cell walls are made up of what?
Are they unicellular?

A

Made up of cellulose
No, they’re multicellular

32
Q

Animalia cell walls are made up of what?
Are they unicellular?

A

Trick question, they have no cell walls
They’re multicellular

33
Q

Germ theory of disease

A

Theory that proposes that microorganisms are the cause of many diseases

34
Q

Who was the first to link microorganisms to disease (Anthrax 1876) ?

A

Koch

35
Q

What are Koch’s 4 postulates (write them out)

A
  1. The microorganism must be found in every case of the disease but absent from healthy hosts/organisms
  2. The microorganism must be isolated and grown outside the host
  3. When the microorganism is introduced into a healthy, susceptible host, the host must get the disease
  4. The same microorganism must be found in the diseased experimental host
36
Q

Biochemistry

A

microbes used as model systems for biochemical reactions

37
Q

Molecular biology

A
  • Explanation of cell function at the molecular level (how certain molecules react with one another to create life
  • Bioinformatics & genomic sequencing and analysis
38
Q

Microbial genetics

A

rates and mechanisms of genetic mutation investigated control of genetic expression

39
Q

Immunology

A

The study of the body’s natural defense against disease & vaccine development

40
Q

Environmental research

A
  • Bioremediation uses living bacteria, fungi, and algae to detoxify polluted environments
  • Recycling of chemicals such as carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur
41
Q

Synthesis Reactions

Do they require energy?
What reactions are examples of this? What are they called?

A
  • Require energy (endothermic)
  • Most common type = dehydration synthesis (water molecule formed → product of the reaction)
  • Called anabolism
42
Q

Decomposition Reactions

Do they require energy?
What reactions are examples of this? What are they called?

A
  • Release energy (exothermic)
  • Most common type = hydrolysis (ionic components of water are added to products → water is a reactant)
  • All the decomposition reactions within an organism are called catabolism
43
Q

Acids

A
  • Dissociates into H+ and anion
  • Proton donor
44
Q

Bases

A
  • Binds with H+ when dissolved in water; some dissociate into OH- and cations
  • Proton acceptor
45
Q

Lipids

Are they hydrophobic?
What are they soluble in?

A
  • Yes
  • Not composed of regular subunits, but are all hydrophobic
  • Soluble in nonpolar solvents, relatively insoluble in water
46
Q

Lipids

What groups are associated with micro?

A

Fats (triglycerides): energy
Phospholipids: structure

47
Q

Lipids

Saturated (with hydrogens)

A
  • no double bonds
  • straight, so they can line up close to each other which results in Van der Waal interactions
  • membrane is more rigid
48
Q

Lipids

Unsaturated

A
  • double bond (causes a kink)
  • no Van der Waals
  • membrane is more fluid
49
Q

Carbohydrates

List the functions of carbs

A
  • Long term storage of chemical energy
  • Ready energy source
  • Part of backbones of nucleic acids
  • Converted to amino acids
  • Form cell wall
  • Involved in intracellular interactions between animal cells
50
Q

Carbohydrates

Types of carbs

A

Monosaccharides
Disaccharides (2 monosaccharides joined together)
Polysaccharides

51
Q

Nucleic acids

DNA is what?

A
  • Genetic material of all organisms & viruses
  • Carries instructions for the synthesis of RNA & proteins controls synthesis of all molecules in an organism
52
Q

Nucleic acids

RNA is what?

A
  • Genetic material in a number of viruses
  • Acts as the template for protein synthesis (mRNA)
  • Also acts as an enzyme (ribozyme), tRNA and rRNA
  • Contains a 3’ and 2’ hydroxyl group
53
Q

Nucleic acids

What are the puridines?
How many Nitrogen bases?

A

PUR As Gold
A & G
two-carbon nitrogen ring bases

54
Q

Nucleic acids

What are the puridines?
How many Nitrogen bases?

A

TCU
T (DNA), C (DNA & RNA), U (RNA)
one-carbon nitrogen ring bases

55
Q

Nucleic acids

Nucleotides are made up of what

A

Phosphate (has a T in the name)
Pentose sugar (deoxyribose of ribose)
1 of 5 cyclic nitrogen bases

56
Q

Nucleic acids

Nucleotides are the monomers that make up ______ ______

A

nucleic acids

57
Q

Nucleic acids

How many bonds between C & G?
How many bonds between T & A?

A

3 H bonds between C & G
2 H bonds between T & A

58
Q

DNA grows from the ____ end

A

3’

59
Q

Proteins

Function of Proteins

A

Structure
Enzymatic catalysis
Regulation
Transportation
Pathogenesis & folding

60
Q

Proteins

What type of bond is formed between amino acids?

A

A covalent bond (peptide bond) is formed between amino acids by dehydration synthesis reaction

61
Q

Proteins

Protein structure

A
  • Central carbon linked to a hydrogen
  • Primary amine group
  • Carboxylic acid
  • R side chain → gives properties
62
Q

Protein Structure

Primary

A

linear sequence of amino acids as they occur (covalently bonded together)

63
Q

Protein Structure

Secondary

A

alpha-helix or beta-pleated sheets (determined by hydrogen bonding of the amino acids)

64
Q

Protein Structure

Tertiary

A

(determined by R group) overall conformation of the protein
- disulfide bonds?

65
Q

Protein Structure

Quaternary

A

separately encoded polypeptides folding and interacting with each other

Microbiology (14 decks)

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