Exam 1 Level 1 Terms & Definitions

Question 1

using the scientific method to assess whether an organized activity is achieving its intended objectives

Answer 1

program evaluation

Question 2

an assessment of which features of a program are most valuable and who they benefit

Answer 2

needs evaluation

Question 3

If you want to know if a company is accomplishing what it set out to do and helping those it intends to help use a

Answer 3

program evaluation

Question 4

If I am holding a focus group, or using ANOVA tests with my information, I am in what phase of the program evaluation process?

Answer 4

execution

Question 5

When looking for empirical support of the conclusions, and interpreting the findings as the goals of the organization, I am in what phase of the program evaluation?

Answer 5

communication of results

Question 6

If we are trying to find who will benefit from the organization, or learn about the organization’s mission we are in what phase of the program evaluation process?

Answer 6

Planning

Question 7

an assessment of a general program operation, including whom the program serves and how the program delivers services to that population.

Answer 7

process evaluation

Question 8

an assessment of whether a program effectively produces outcomes that are consistent with states objectives or goals

Answer 8

outcomes evaluation

Question 9

Amelia wants to open a community center in her neighborhood where students can go after school instead of being home alone. She needs to determine who would benefit most from the community center and what services would be most valuable to offer. Which type of program evaluation should she conduct?

Answer 9

a needs evaluation

Question 10

Emerson has already finished the planning phase, as well as, gathered and analyzed the data, for a program evaluation on the first-year experience at college. What is the next step in the program evaluation process?

Answer 10

communicating the results

Question 11

For your senior capstone project, you plan on conducting a focus group at your former high school to learn about the effectiveness of recent education reforms. You would like information from administrators, teachers, parents, and students, and want to be mindful of power differentials. Which groups make the most sense?

Answer 11

d. Group 1 (Administrators); Group 2 (Teachers); Group 3 (Parents); Group 4 (Students)

Question 12

Professor Santee wants to know if his sophomore research methods class prepares his students to successfully complete their senior thesis. What type of program evaluation would help Professor Santee answer this question?

Answer 12

an outcomes evaluation

Question 13

The principal at a local charter school wants to demonstrate that the school’s alternative curriculum and general approach to education is enabling underprepared students to succeed in school and beyond. To accomplish this goal, the principal should

Answer 13

conduct a program evaluation of the curriculum

Question 14

As part of the planning stage for a program evaluation she is conducting of a nonprofit group, Camila systematically reviews the organization’s website and print publications. What is Camila’s goal at this stage of her program review?

Answer 14

to describe the program

Question 15

As camila continues preparing for her program evaluation of a nonprofit group, she asks the director for an organizational chart. Why does Camila want this information?

Answer 15

She can use the chart to identify potential stakeholders in the program evaluation

Question 16

Officials have asked a nearby counseling center to establish a program to provide long-term help to victims of a natural disaster in their community. To get started, the counseling center should

Answer 16

conduct a needs evaluation

Question 17

Gi-hun consults with a local food bank to help them improve and expand their delivery of services to the local community. Gi-hun’s first task should be to

Answer 17

do a process evaluation of the food bank’s operations

Question 18

A university wants to learn how it can better serve the needs of its international students. The director of global initiatives invites several groups of international students to discuss how well the university serves their needs. What data collection strategy is the director employing?

Answer 18

a focus group

Question 19

a mental shortcut strategy for judging the likelihood of an event or situation to occur based on how easily we can think of similar or relevant instances

Answer 19

availability heuristic

Question 20

If weathercasters predicted a dangerous storm approaching and recommended evacuation of susceptible low-lying areas to flood, your decision to “ride it out” or not is based on the previous times when the predicted storm did not live up to the call, you are using what mental strategy?

Answer 20

availability heuristic

Question 21

a mental shortcut strategy for determining the likelihood of an event by how much it resembles what we consider to be a “typical” example of that event.

Answer 21

representativeness heuristic

Question 22

You want to eat a healthier lunch, so you add granola to your strawberry yogurt. It seems like a healthier alternative but in actuality, it is not as healthy as you thought because it is filled with sugar. What mental strategy was utilized?

Answer 22

representativeness heuristic

Question 23

the tendency to overestimate our skills, abilities, and performance when comparing ourselves to others

Answer 23

better-than-average effect

Question 24

I think I am a great roller blader, but mathematically, it is impossible for everyone to be a great roller blader, only the top 50% of performers have that privledge.

Answer 24

better-than-average effect

Question 25

the tendency to be overly confident in the correctness of our own judgements

Answer 25

overconfidence phenomenon

Question 26

A student who scored a 65 on a test had anticipated a 80. What does this demonstrate?

Answer 26

the overconfidence phenomenon

Question 28

a sense that we “knew it all along” after we learn the actual outcome.

Answer 28

hindsight bias

Question 29

“I’ve had plenty of coworkers who should never have been hired!” is an example of what?

Answer 29

hindsight bias

Question 30

a bias in which we only look for evidence that confirms what we already believe, thereby strengthening the original belief.

Answer 30

confirmation bias

Question 31

I know I am a better-than-average roller blader, I can think of many times when people have commented how good I was and how fast I could skate! This is an example of what?

Answer 31

confirmation bias

Question 32

a bias in which we emphasize some pieces of information while undervaluing other pieces

Answer 32

focusing effect

Question 33

Would your life be better as a celebrity? You may believe that the higher pay and exciting life are the perfect life, but there is little privacy and online haters, our choice to want to be a celebrity consists of the pros but not the cons, what is this an example of?

Answer 33

focusing effect

Question 34

extreme outcomes are more likely when considering a small number of cases

Answer 34

law of small numbers

Question 35

Everyone has a grandfather who smokes, doesn’t exercise, eats fatty foods, and drinks alcohol. He may be 94 years old but, his daily regimen is unhealthy and not the suggested health. Therefore, our grandfathers are actually an anomaly that because we did not conduct an experiment with a representation of the target population, our results were skewed compared to if we asked for all relatives over the age of 65 and had a sample of 150. What is this an example of?

Answer 35

law of small numbers

Question 36

a case or instance that is distinct from the majority of other cases: an oddball

Answer 36

outlier

Question 37

If the study was redone so that my grandfather was one participant who lived long and had an unhealthy lifestyle, but about 89 other participants had lived long but had a healthy lifestyle, my grandfather could be considered what?

Answer 37

an outlier

Question 38

a systematic approach for addressing questions of interest

Answer 38

scientific method

Question 39

Aliyah believes her boss is an extremely difficult person. TO see if her belief has merit, she asks all of her coworkers who have also had problems with the boss in the past if they believe the same thing. Aliyah’s conclusion based on her “research” into this question may be erroneous because of which flaw in our thinking?

Answer 39

d. confirmation bias

Question 40

Hasan really likes the new Tesla sports car but is undecided about whether to spend the money to buy one. To make his decision easier, he creates a list of 25 reasons why he likes the car. Is this a good idea?

Answer 40

No, listing so many reasons will probably be difficult and can actually make Hasan like the car less.

Question 41

Even after having all of his arguments refuted by his partner, Bryan proclaims that everyone is entitled to their own opinions and he isn’t changing his. Bryan is exhibiting which flaw in our thinking?

Answer 41

belief preseverance

Question 42

gaining knowledge with the use of systematic observation, experience, or measurement.

Answer 42

empirical research

Question 43

gaining knowledge with the use of nonsystematic methods such as the examination of personal experiences and opinions.

Answer 43

nonempirical research

Question 44

My friends’ and I rely on our own experiences with cramming for our research approach, which are we utilizing?

Answer 44

nonempirical research

Question 45

A random sample of half of my classmates study five hours straight the night before the exam, while the other random sample of half of my classmates studies one hour a day for five days before the exam. Then I compare the groups’ scores on a test and their memory of the material several weeks later. Which type of research am I conducting?

Answer 45

empirical research

Question 46

recreating another person’s study to see if the findings are the same

Answer 46

replication

Question 47

Another scientist conducts a study on hot sauce and aggression, after my study on hot sauce and aggression found the hypothesis to be supported. What is the term for what the other scientist is doing?

Answer 47

replication

Question 48

the defining characteristic of empirical reasoning is that we use _______ in order to evaluate out ideas about the nature of our world.

Answer 48

systematic observations

Question 49

research dedicated to expanding the existing knowledge on a topic such as Jean Piaget did with his cognitive stages of development adding to what was already known about the intellectual development of children is what type of research?

Answer 49

basic research

Question 50

research dedicated to solving a problem and helping people by improving their quality of life such as how Jean Piaget’s research on the cognitive stages of development can be useful to an educational psychologist who is developing new strategies for helping children lead to read is what type of research?

Answer 50

applied research

Question 51

claims or beliefs that are misrepresented as being derived from the use of the scientific method

Answer 51

pseudoscience

Question 52

People who extol the virtues of graphology, feng shui, Reiki, essential oils, primal scream therapy, or conversation therapy are actually not validated by evidence from the scientific method and therefore are _______.

Answer 52

pseudoscience

Question 53

Arafat is investigating how different strategies for reducing anxiety can improve test performance, while Caleb is studying the impact of stress on memory recall. Even though both are studying memory, Arafat’s research would be considered ______ research whereas Caleb’s work would be considered ________ research.

Answer 53

applied; basic

Question 54

While scrolling through social media one day, you see a video ad in which a spokesperson wearing a white lab coat starts describing a new medical breakthrough diet that helps people lose 10 pounds a week. As proof, the spokesperson interviews several clients who experienced dramatic weight loss while on this revolutionary diet. You immediately question the effectiveness of the diet because the claims being made appear to be

Answer 54

pseudoscientific

Question 55

Fredrik is applying to be a resident assistant at his college. He believes his leadership abilities are above those of typical applicants. Yet, when asked during his interview to provide examples of times he was a good leader, he cannot think of any. Which of the following explains why he struggled to answer the question?

Answer 55

better-than-average effect

Question 56

When something happens that is the exception to the rule or distinct from the majority of other cases, it is called

Answer 56

an outlier

Question 57

After seeing a scary movie, you begin to wonder how watching such as movie can influence how you feel about the people sitting nearby. For example, could being scared make you feel friendlier toward them? Since you want to test this empirically, which of the following is the best option?

Answer 57

Systematically observe moviegoers sitting in the same set of seats during several types of movies to see which groups act friendlier toward each other.

Question 58

Tulsi wants to determine what people find offensive. She thinks about times that other people have offended her and concludes that which is offensive to her is probably offensive to most people. In this circumstance she is using which of the following to reach her conclusion about others?

Answer 58

introspection

Question 59

Based on casual observations rather than rigorous or scientific analysis?

Answer 59

anecdotes

Question 60

A car salesperson tells Ruby that a particular model of car is the safest in its class. Ruby does not accept such claims at face value and demands to see the latest safety report. What characteristic of scientific is Ruby displaying?

Answer 60

skepticism

Question 61

A cognitive psychologist is interested in studying memory in the context of eyewitness testimony. What type of research is this?

Answer 61

applied

Question 62

You have just taken a job as a peer tutor for first-year students at your school. You notice that many of the students mistakenly believe that they are doing better than other students in the course, and that they will have no problem catching up if they fall behind. Which two flaws in thinking (in order) are these students expressing?

Answer 62

better-than-average effect; overconfidence

Question 63

the process by which other scientific experts in the field review and evaluate the quality of research before it is recorded in a publication

Answer 63

peer review

Question 64

We find peer-reviewed scientific articles using research databases such as

Answer 64

PsycINFO (abstracts produced by the APA)

Question 65

Lili is developing a research question for the study she is conducting this semester. She settles on, “What is the meaning of life?” The primary reason that the scientific method cannot be used to answer this question is

Answer 65

direct observation of this topic would be difficult

Question 66

who are the “peers” in the peer-review process?

Answer 66

experts in the field

Question 67

an educated prediction that provides a testable explanation of a phenomenon

Answer 67

hypothesis (specific, educated guess)

Question 68

a statement based on repeated experimental observations that describe some aspect of the world

Answer 68

scientific law

Question 69

What is Weber’ Law, of just and noticeable difference, that states the amount that a stimulus must change in intensity for us to perceive the change and example of?

Answer 69

scientific law

Question 70

a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world confirmed through repeated observations and experimentation

Answer 70

scientific theory

Question 71

What is Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, which argues there are six different lifespan stages where moral development occurs, an example of?

Answer 71

scientific theory (attempt to explain underlying reasons for phenomena.

Question 72

Sitting outside the student center, Joao sees a student with full hands drop their phone. As they struggle to pick it up, he wonders what would motivate him to help and realizes that he would have helped had he been close to the student. This inspires him to hypothesize that proximity influences the willingness to help someone in need. What was his strategy for developing a good hypothesis?

Answer 72

introspection

Question 73

Which of the following is not a characteristic of a good hypothesis? vagueness, correspondence to reality, falsifiability, or parsimony?

Answer 73

vagueness

Question 74

Which of the following characteristics of good hypotheses is important for minimizing our natural flaws in thinking?

Answer 74

falsifiability

Question 75

elements that we expect to change or vary, or that can have several different values

Answer 75

variable

Question 76

a factor that does not change and remains consistent

Answer 76

constant

Question 77

defining a variable in theoretical terms

Answer 77

conceptual definition

Question 78

If I define the variable as a mental state of well-being that includes positive emotions, how am I defining it?

Answer 78

conceptual definition

Question 79

determining how we will use variables in our study

Answer 79

operational definition

Question 80

If I define the variable as the number of smiley-face emojis used in a social media post, or how long a person laughs at a joke, how am I defining it?

Answer 80

operational definition

Question 81

a research method in which the experimenter controls and manipulates the independent variable, allowing the establishment of cause-and-effect relationships between the independent and dependent variables.

Answer 81

experimental design

Question 82

We predict that playing video games influences happiness, we want to know how playing a video game is responsible for influencing the outcome of happiness. Because we are looking for the why, what type of design is this?

Answer 82

experimental design

Question 83

We predict that playing video games influences happiness, we want to know how playing a video game is responsible for influencing the outcome of happiness. What are the independent and dependent variables?

Answer 83

playing video games is our independent variable and happiness is our dependent variable

Question 84

the variable that influences the dependent variable. In experiments, the researcher manipulates or controls this variable. In nonexperimental studies, it is the explanatory or predictor variable and is not manipulated by the researcher

Answer 84

independent variable

Question 85

the variable measured in association with changes in the independent variable; the outcome or effect. In nonexperimental studies, it is referred to as the criterion or response variable

Answer 85

dependent variable

Question 86

a design in which there is no control or manipulation of the independent variable; cause and effect relationships between variables cannot be established; and that refers to the independent variable as the explanatory or predictor variable and the dependent variable as the criterion or response variable. Also known as a correlational design.

Answer 86

nonexperimental design

Question 87

If I want to know how children play during recess or how memory changes with age, what design am I going to use?

Answer 87

nonexperimental design

Question 88

a potential causal variable in nonexperimental designs. Also known as a predictor variable

Answer 88

explanatory variable

Question 89

the outcome variable in nonexperimental designs. Also known as the response variable

Answer 89

criterion variable

Question 90

different variations of the independent variable determined by the researcher

Answer 90

levels

Question 91

If I have participants play video games for 1 hour or 3 hours before assessing happiness, what would you call the different hours that make up the independent variable?

Answer 91

levels

Question 92

a data collection method in which each participant or subject is assessed on the dependent variable only once.

Answer 92

between-subjects design

Question 93

I have one participant play the video game for 1 hour and then I measure their level of happiness. Another participant will play the video game for 3 hours and then I measure their level of happiness. If my hypothesis would compare the two, what design am I using?

Answer 93

between-subjects design

Question 94

a data collection method in which each participant or subject is assessed on the dependent variable more than once.

Answer 94

within-subjects design

Question 95

the collection of data on participants over a set period of time

Answer 95

longitudinal design

Question 96

I have one participant play the video game for 1 hour and then I measure their level of happiness. The same participant will play the video game for 3 hours and then I measure their level of happiness again. If my hypothesis would compare the results what type of design is it?

Answer 96

within-subjects design

Question 97

A market researcher collects reactions to a new cookie before it hits the marketplace. The researcher tells some participants receive no information about the cookie. Next, each participant eats three cookies and then completes a questionnaire assessing their opinions. What is the independent variable in this study?

Answer 97

the types of information provided about the cookie

Question 98

A teacher wants to evaluate the effectiveness of a study strategy to help students learn new vocabulary words. They have some of the students learn the words using a strategy from a teaching journal. The teacher has the rest of the students study using the same approach they ere originally taught. The teacher then administers the vocabulary test to all of the students and compares the results of the two groups. What the of research design is the teacher employing?

Answer 98

a between-subjects design

Question 99

Which of the following is, comparatively, not very effective in helping the results of your study contribute to the scientific knowledge of psychology?

Answer 99

Writing an APA-style paper about your study for your psychology class

Question 100

Which of the following questions is outside of the scope of science?
How do parents influence their children’s confidence levels?
What is love?
What do dreams tell us about a person?
Are our lives predestined or predetermined?

Answer 100

Are our lives predestined or predetermined?

Question 101

Masato is having a problem with weeds in his vegetable garden he wants to determine the best way to control the weeds, but wants to approach it empirically. Which of the following is the best example of an empirical approach?

Answer 101

He could try out several different solution one by one to see what works best for him.

Question 102

Dimah is planning her thesis and needs to generate a hypothesis. Because most people seem to think social media is bad for college students, transition to college. Which of the following strategies did Dimah use to generate her hypothesis?
introspection, find the exception, a matter of degree, or change the directionality

Answer 102

find the exception

Question 103

While scrolling through your newsfeed, you come across a personality test that can determine your personality based on a combination of your favorite color, your favorite food, and your favorite hobby. Upon taking the test, you are impressed by how accurate it is. Which of the following likely explains the test’s accuracy?

Answer 103

Barnum effect

Question 104

The owner of a coffeehouse wants to know if customers will drink more coffee depending on the smell of the room. To test this the owner hires a psychologist, who sets up three similar rooms, each with its own smell (coffee, cinnamon buns, or bacon and eggs), then arranges to have 30 students spend an afternoon in each room while being allowed to drink all the coffee they like. The amount each participant drinks is recorded for each of the three scents. What is the dependent variable.

Answer 104

amount of coffee consumed

Question 105

Anh and Lorenzo are doing a study to see if puppies and sunshine make people happy. To test this, they randomly assign 500 participants to one of the following conditions: exposure to puppies and sunshine, or no exposure to either puppies or sunshine. Both conditions take place out on the college’s quad. Participants complete measures of life satisfaction and general happiness. What is (are) the independent variable(s)?

Answer 105

puppies and sunshine

Question 106

In a study of first-year college students attending a private university in California, researchers examined 56 cisgender men, 88 cisgender women, and 1 transgender woman to determine the influence of relaxation techniques on relieving anxiety associated with starting college. All students received a pamphlet containing information about good sleep habits. Next, half of the participants were taught a breathing exercise while the other half were not. What is the constant?

Answer 106

the sleep-habit pamphlet

Question 107

In an experimental design, the researcher manipulates the ______ and measures the ______

Answer 107

independent variable; dependent variable

Question 108

You see a video online in which a prominent businessperson explains that their experience in a specialized kindergarten class that focused on creativity and individuality is the reason for their success. You decide to test this by following a group of children from age 5 until age 35 to see if their educational experiences correspond with their career success. What type of design would be the best way to study this?

Answer 108

longitudinal

Question 109

A psychologist was hired by a local winery to conduct a taste test of four new wines. For the taste test, the psychologist had 100 participants come into the lab, take a small sip of each wine, and rate the taste on several characteristics. Between each wine, participants ate a small cracker. What type of design did the psychologist use?

Answer 109

within-subjects design

Question 110

the application of moral principles to help guide one’s decisions and behavior

Answer 110

ethics

Question 111

a systematic process in which a researcher weighs all the potential and know benefits against all the potential and known risks before conducting a study

Answer 111

cost-benefit analysis

Question 112

actively promoting the welfare of others; an ethical obligation to maximize benefits in research studies.

Answer 112

beneficence

Question 113

do no harm; an ethical obligation to mitigate or eliminate risks to study participants

Answer 113

nonmaleficence

Question 114

a failure to protect the privacy of individuals; a potential risk to participants

Answer 114

loss of confidentiality

Question 115

a guarantee in research studies that individual responses cannot be linked back to individual participants

Answer 115

anonymity

Question 116

Tuskegee breaks beneficence and nonmaleficence by…

Answer 116

causing physical harm to participants (and psychological harm)

Question 117

fairness in selecting study participants and in determining which participants receive the benefits of participation and which bear the burden of risk

Answer 117

justice

Question 118

Tuskegee study broke the ethical principle of justice by…

Answer 118

targeting a vulnerable population and involved significant deception.

Question 119

freely making an informed decision about participation in research

Answer 119

autonomy

Question 120

an active affirmation of a desire to participate from a person who does not have the ability to consent themselves; consent must also be sought from the legal guardian

Answer 120

assent

Question 121

Which of the following would most likely represent an ethical dilemma for a person?
obeying the speed limit, determining whether or not to report your manager at work for stealing from the register, deciding whether or not to adhere to your workplace’s dress code, cheating on your income taxes?

Answer 121

determining whether or not to report your manager at work for stealing from the register

Question 122

Selecting only people who are homeless to participate in our study even though we have no real theoretical reason to use this population violate which ethical principle?

Answer 122

Justice

Question 123

An informed consent form should address all of the following except
any potential risks or discomfort to the participant, that the participant’s participation is voluntary, that the participant must complete the study to obtain any promised benefits, that their responses will be confidential

Answer 123

that the participant must complete the study to obtain any promised benefits

Question 124

an accomplice of the experimenter

Answer 124

confederate

Question 125

a board that reviews the ethical merit of all the human research conducted at an institution

Answer 125

Institutional Review Board

Question 126

a board that reviews the ethical merit and research procedures for all animal research conducted within an institution and ensures research animals have proper living conditions

Answer 126

Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee

Question 127

representing others’ work or ideas as our own, or without giving proper credit

Answer 127

plagiarism

Question 128

summarizing others’ ideas in our own words while providing a proper citation

Answer 128

paraphrase

Question 129

A marriage counselor wants to evaluate the efficacy of a new approach to help couples communicate better in public settings and among strangers. Before this study can be conducted, approval is needed from all of the following groups except
the female participants in the study, the institutional review board, the confederate in the study, the male participants in the study

Answer 129

the confederates in the study

Question 130

Suppose that you are a psychology professor who wants to recruit research participants from your class. Which of the following strategies would be best for recruiting them for your research study?
Offer research participation in your study as one of the options for fulfilling a course requirement. Require your students to participate in the study as part of their educational experience. Suggest to students that they may not do as well in your course if they fail to participate in your study. Offer to exempt any students who participate in your study from the final exam.

Answer 130

Offer research participation in your study as one of the options for fulfilling a course requirement.

Question 131

To ensure confidentiality during a study, which of the following things should a researcher not do?
Assign code numbers to the data, keep the participants’ informed consent forms separate from the participants’ data. Have participants submit completed surveys in a sealed envelope, include participant identifiers in the data set

Answer 131

Include participant identifiers in the data set

Question 132

Tuskegee breaks respect for persons because…

Answer 132

they could not leave the study, not informed, did not fill out an informed consent form.

Question 133

As a financially challenged college student, you see a flyer on campus about a research study on the impact of sunburns. The advertisement says you will be paid $500 to have 1 inch square of skin on your forearm severely burned with ultraviolet light. You know that sunburns can have long-term consequences (e.g., skin cancer). However, you desperately need the money for textbooks, so you seriously consider participating. What ethical line has this research study violated?

Answer 133

The coercion of voluntary participation

Question 134

Zhang Wei is reading an article and believes that he cannot articulate the topic better than the author already has. However, his instructor said students could not use quotes in their APA-style introductions, Instead of using quotes, Zhang Wei takes the author’s sentence and changes one word of it by replacing the word with a synonym. Is this plagiarism and if so, how can he change his work?

Answer 134

The only way for this not to be a case of plagiarism is for Zhang Wei to paraphrase instead.

Question 135

If an experimental psychologist studies learning in pigeons, which of the oversight groups would ethically approve the research?

Answer 135

Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC)

Question 136

Hanifah wants to conduct an experiment on the impact of negative feedback on concentration. As part of the procedure, some participants “overhear” another participant, who is actually a confederate, say something negative about them. Which ethical principle should Hanifah be most concerned about?

Answer 136

Beneficence and nonmaleficence

Question 137

Deirdre needs just one more participant to complete her data collection for her undergraduate thesis. The last participant signs the consent form, but halfway through the study, the participant wants to leave. Deirdre tells the participant that they must stay and finish the study, and the participant compiles. What ethical principle has Deirdre violated?

Answer 137

Respect for Persons

Question 138

If a study you conduct involves the purposeful misleading or misdirection of participants, when and how do you notify participants of the deception?

Answer 138

You explain the nature and necessity of the deception in the debriefing at the end of the study.

Question 139

Which of the following would most likely represent an ethical dilemma for a person?
Cheating on an exam, not paying a parking ticket, reporting one’s professor to the head of the department for canceling too many classes due to personal reasons, downloading pirated movies from the Internet.

Answer 139

reporting one’s professor to the head of the department for canceling too many classes due to personal reasons

Question 140

A journal editor decides to accept for publication only research studies in which the results are statistically significant. Which of the following is not a potential ethical problem resulting from this decision?
There is an increased potential for a file drawer problem(bias to publish only findings that confirm a research’s hypothesis, Researchers may be more likely to alter their data to ensure their results are statistically significant, authors may take more liberties in how they present the results to make them appear more impressive. Authors are more likely to plagiarize from other statistically significant studies.

Answer 140

Authors are more likely to plagiarize from other statistically significant studies