Exam 1 (Lectures 1-7) Flashcards
which of the following is a type of carbohydrate?
Monosaccharides
Nucleotides
Amino Acids
Fatty Acids
Monosaccharides
What is a major role of carbohydrates in the body?
Providing energy
Regulation body temperature
Building muscle mass
Transporting Oxygen
Providing energy
Which of the following describes an important carbohydrate conversion?
Converting amino acids to fatty acids
Converting water to Hydrogen
Converting glucose to glycogen
Converting lipids to carbohydrates
Converting glucose to glycogen
How does carbohydrate metabolism change during physical activity?
It only occurs during rest periods
it decreases with longer durations of activity
It remains constant regardless of activity
It varies based on intensity and duration
It varies based on intensity and duration
What is a characteristic of lipids?
Their role in carbohydrate metabolism
Their structure and function in the body
Their ability to dissolve in water
Their contribution to muscle contraction
Their structure and function in the body
What is lipolysis?
The process of breaking down lipids
The synthesis of proteins
The breakdown of amino acids
The process of storing carbohydrates
The process of breaking down lipids
What is one of the roles of lipids in the body?
transporting nutrients
generating electrical signals
energy storage
producing hormones
energy storage
How does lipid metabolism change during physical activity?
It stays the same during all activities
it only occurs during low-intensity exercise
it varies based on intensity and duration
it is not affected by duration
it varies based on the intensity and duration
what are proteins formed from?
fatty acids
nucleotides
monosaccharides
amino acids
amino acids
How can proteins provide an energy source during physical activity?
by storing energy as fat
through gluconeogenesis
through glycolysis
by converting to carbohydrates
Through gluconeogenesis
What is the role of phosphocreatine (PCr) in energy production?
Stores fat for long-term energy
Donates a phosphate group to regenerate ATP
Donates a phosphate group to regenerate ATP
Describe the relationship between muscle ATP and phosphocreatine (PCr) during sprint exercise.
Muscle ATP decreases as PCr is used to regenerate ATP
Muscle ATP increases as PCr is used to store energy
Muscle ATP decreases as PCr is used to regenerate ATP
What is the primary substrate used to provide energy at rest and during high-intensity exercise?
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Carbohydrates
What is ATP, and why is it important for metabolism?
Adenosine triphosphate, serving as the primary energy currency of the cell
A type of fat used for energy storage
Adenosine triphosphate, serving as the primary energy currency of the cell
What is hyponatremia?
A condition of low sodium levels in the blood
A condition of high sodium levels in the blood
A condition of low sodium levels in the blood
What are the major functions of water in the body?
Energy production and fat storage
Hydration, nutrient transport, and temperature regulation
Hydration, nutrient transport, and temperature regulation
Where is water stored in the human body?
In the blood
In cells
In interstitial fluid
All of the above
All of the above
What percentage of the human body is composed of water
75%
60%
50%
40%
60%
Who may benefit form mineral supplementation?
Only athletes in competition
Sedentary individuals
Individuals that engage in intense physical training
individuals with a balanced diet
Individuals that engaged in intense physical training
What does regular physical activity do to bone mass?
Has no affect
Weakens it
Negatively affects it
Positively affect it
Positively affects it
What condition is characterized by weakened bones?
Arthritis
Osteoporosis
Osteoarthritis
Scoliosis
Osteoporosis
What are one of the roles of minerals in the body?
Breaking down proteins
Contributing to bone structure
Producing vitamins
Storing carbohydrates
Contributing to bone structure
What can the effects of vitamin supplementation on exercise performance do?
Have no impact
Always enhance performance
Always decrease performance
Vary
Vary
What do vitamins C and E do in the body?
Increase protein synthesis
Store energy
Act as antioxidants
Aid in fat digestion
Act as antioxidants
How often do water-soluble vitamins need to be consumed?
Only when exercising
Regularly
Once a week
Once a month
Regularly
What does Alanine-Glucose cycle concert alanine into?
Glycogen
Glucose
Fatty acids
Lactate
Glucose
Where are fat-soluble vitamins stored in the body?
In the muscles
In the liver
In the bloodstream
In the body’s fatty tissues
In the body’s fatty tissues
What are the essential Characteristics of the three energy systems?
Type of exercise and body fat percentage
Rate of ATP production and duration of energy sustainability
Rate of ATP production and duration of energy sustainability
Why are the ATP-PCr and glycolytic energy systems considered anaerobic?
They only function during aerobic activities
They do not require oxygen for ATP production
They do not require oxygen for ATP production
How do the three energy systems interact concerning the rate of energy production and the sustained capacity to produce that energy?
They provide varying rates of energy production based on intensity and duration
They operate independently without interaction
They provide varying rates of energy production based on intensity and duration
What determines the rate at which energy is released in the body?
The number of enzymes present
The type of exercise performed
The availability of primary substrates
The temperature of the environment
The availability of primary substrates
What effect does an excess of a substrate have on energy metabolism?
It increases the need for oxygen
it prevents the breakdown of fats
it decreases the efficiency of energy production
It causes cells to rely more on that energy substrate
It causes cells to rely more on that energy substrate
What factor controls the rate of energy release in metabolic pathways?
The pH level of the cell
The availability of water
Enzyme activity
The age of the individual
Enzyme activity
What is the role of enzymes in chemical reactions?
They lower activation energy
They increase the temperature of the reaction
They change the products of the reaction
They provide energy to start the reaction
They lower activation energy
What does the absence of an enzyme indicate about a chemical reaction?
It indicated that energy is being stored
It indicates a faster reaction
It indicates that the reaction will not occur
It indicates a non-catalyzed reaction
It indicated a non-catalyzed reaction
What is the function of creatine kinase in enzyme-catalyzed reactions?
It facilitates substrate breakdown
It stores energy for later use
It prevents reactions from occurring
It increases substrate concentration
It facilitates substrate breakdown
What role do enzymes play in chemical reactions involving substrates?
They initiate the reactions
They convert substrates into enzymes
They aid in the catabolism of substrates
They prevent substrates form breaking down
They aid in the catabolism of substrates
What common suffix is found in the names of enzymes?
-ine
-ase
-ose
-ol
-ase
What are the components that make up fats?
Glucose and Fructose
Free Fatty acids and Glycerol
Amino Acids and Nucleotides
Proteins and Carbohydrates
Free Fatty acids and Glycerol
Which processes are associated with the metabolism of fats?
Gluconeogenesis and Glycogenolysis
Fermentation and Respiration
Lipolysis and Lipogenesis
Hydrolysis and Oxidation
Lipolysis and Lipogenesis
Where does the glucose pool in the body originate from?
Muscle breakdown
Fat storage
Water absorption
Food intake
Food intake
What processes are responsible for the formation of glycogen stores in the body?
Gluconeogenesis and Glycogenolysis
Oxidation and Reduction
Lipolysis and Glycolysis
Proteolysis and Hydrolysis
Gluconeogenesis and Glycogenolysis
What is the source of gluconeogenesis in the body?
Fat stores
Amino acid pool
Glycogen stores
Sugar intake
Amino acid pool
What are proteins composed of?
Fatty acids
Amino acids
Sugars
Nucleotides
Amino Acids
What enzyme is responsible for breaking down ATP?
Amylase
ATPase
Lipase
Protease
ATPase
