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Speech and Hearing > Exam 1- Lectures 1-4 > Flashcards

Exam 1- Lectures 1-4 Flashcards

1
Q

Speed

A
  • Distance traveled by an object in a given unit of time

- -Velocity- specifies direction of movement

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2
Q

Acceleration

A
  • Velocity changes as a fxn of time
  • Directly proportional to the force applied
  • Inversely proportional to the object’s mass
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3
Q

Elasticity

A

-The degree to which a material returns to its original shape after it has been deformed by an external force

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4
Q

Pressure

A
  • Force acting perpendicularly on a specific surface area
  • Measured in pascal (Pa)
  • Patmos= 101.325 kPa
  • Pressure in diff locations can be higher or lower than Patmos
  • —Increase in air molecules= increase in P
  • —Decrease in air molecules= decrease in P
  • Volume= inversely proportional to pressure
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5
Q

Acoustics

A
  • Study of sound
  • –Propagation of a pressure wave in space and time
  • Pressure waves move from states of high to low pressure
  • Audible disturbance in a medium such as air, water, metal
  • —Medium contains molecules that share characteristics of elasticity and mass
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6
Q

Air Molecules

A
  • Conducting medium of interest for speech
  • Number of molecules in a cubic inch of air= density of air (p)
  • Average number of air molecules per cubic meter of air= 3x10^23
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7
Q

Force

A

-Influence that causes an object to undergo a change in speech, a change in direction, or a change in shape

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8
Q

Displacement

A
  • Movement away from resting position

- The generation of a recoiling force

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9
Q

Restoring (Recoil) force

A
  • An opposition to an increase in displacement

- Variable force that gives rise to an equilibrium in a physical state; tends to bring system back toward equilibrium

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10
Q

Inertia

A
  • Resistance to change in its state of motion or rest

- Tendency of objects to move in a straight line at constant velocity

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11
Q

Sound Waves in Air

A
  • All particles go through the same back and forth motion, but the movement of each particle lags slightly behind the movement of the proceeding particle
  • The disturbance itself moves along the line of particles
  • Air particles move back and forth around their fixed resting position
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12
Q

Sound Wave Definition

A

-Movement (propagation) of a disturbance through a material medium such as air, w/o permanent displacement of the particles themselves

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13
Q

Simple Harmonic Motion

A
  • A periodic motion where the restoring force is directly proportional to the displacement
  • –Restoring force pulls towards resting position; overshoot occurs due to inertia
  • Pure tones= SHM
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14
Q

Inertia and Restoring Force within a Cycle

A
  • RF is strong when inertia is weak (when swing is displaced)
  • Inertia is strong when RF is weak (around rest position)
  • Interplay btwn the two leads to vibration that persists
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15
Q

Pure Tone

A
  • Pattern of vibration= periodic
  • Graphic represents a sine wave
  • Ex: Tuning forks and pendulums, swings
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16
Q

Periodic

A
  • Each cycle takes the same amount of time

- Frequency and period are constant

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17
Q

Compression

A

-Area of positive pressure from when molecules approach and collide

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18
Q

Rarefaction

A
  • Area of lower pressure

- Decreased density of air

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19
Q

Propagation

A

-Changes in pressure continue in a wavelike motion that travels from source of a sound

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20
Q

How does the tympanic membrane vibrate?

A

-Through changes in air pressure arriving at the ear

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21
Q

Period

A
  • T

- The time it takes to complete one cycle of motion of the molecule throughout the vibratory cycle

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22
Q

Frequency

A
  • Number of cycles per second
  • Hz
  • Inverse of period; f= 1/T
  • –As frequency increases, period decreases
  • Pitch= subjective quality related to frequency
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23
Q

Wavelengths

A
  • Measurement of spatial variation of a pressure wave
  • Distance covered by one complete cycle
  • Inverse relationship to frequency
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24
Q

Damping (Energy Loss)

A
  • As a sound wave travels across a medium, its energy is spread over a larger and larger area, its sound intensity gradually decreases
  • Each time molecule moves back and forth, it does so w/ diff amplification
  • Ex: friction, absorption
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25
Q

Friction

A

-Air molecules rub against each other and against walls; generates heat and loss of energy

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26
Q

Absorption

A
  • Air molecules are absorbed into the surroundings

- Low frequencies travel better through barriers (walls)

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27
Q

Complex sounds

A
  • 2+ Frequencies
  • Occur when waves of diff frequencies combine/interfere w/ each other
  • If all periodic added together= complex periodic sound
  • Interference results in a more complex vibration of air molecules
  • Vowel production= complex, periodic sound
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28
Q

Fundamental Frequency

A
  • Determined by the rate of repetition of the waveform pattern
  • Can be identical for multiple waveforms yet look different
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29
Q

How waveforms have unique appearances

A

-Changes in frequency or amplitude

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30
Q

Waveform vs Spectrum

A
  • Waveform- displays an acoustic event in a time domain
  • –Amp and f across time
  • Spectrum- Displays an acoustic event in the frequency domain
  • —Individual frequencies and amplitude at at given time
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31
Q

Harmonics

A
  • Overtone frequency

- Multiple components of the fundamental frequency

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32
Q

Resonance

A
  • Phenomenon whereby an object vibrates with maximum energy at a particular frequency
  • Natural frequency
  • –The frequency at which an object vibrates freely
  • –Determined by length, density, tension, stiffness
  • –W/o interference, objects always vibrate at NF
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33
Q

Resonant Frequencies

A
  • Everything that vibrates has a resonant frequency
  • –Frequency at which something vibrates
  • –Independent of amplitude
  • Shorter/smaller objects tend to vibrate at higher f
  • Longer/larger objects tend to vibrate at lower frequencies
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34
Q

Acoustic Resonators

A
  • Something that contains air (ex; vocal tract)
  • –Frequency dependent on size of cavity
  • –Shape is not important when determining frequency
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35
Q

Mass Spring System

A

-Air is compressed and rarefied because air within the container acts as the spring that oscillates back and forth

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36
Q

Tube Resonance

A
  • Amplify frequencies that are closest to the objects natural resonant frequency
  • Object’s NF determined by shape and material
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37
Q

Bandwidth

A
  • Range of frequencies that a resonator will respond to
  • Symmetrical tube= narrow bandwidth
  • Irregular tube= wide bandwith
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38
Q

Vocal Tract as a Resonator

A
  1. Tube that is closed at one end and open at another
  2. Series of air-filled containers that are connected to each other
  3. Broadly tuned resonator= transmits a wide range of frequencies around each RF
  4. Variable resonator
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39
Q

Sound filter theory

A

-Glottal sound–> Sound source–> Vocal tract filter–> Speech sounds

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40
Q

3 Subsystems of Speech Production

A
  1. Respiratory
  2. Laryngeal/Phonatory
  3. Articulatory/Resonance
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41
Q

Torso

A

Thorax + Abdomen

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42
Q

Thorax

A
  • Vertebral column
  • Rib cage
  • Pectoral Girdle
  • Pelvic girdle
  • Trachea
  • Sternum
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43
Q

Vertebrae

A
  • 34 vertebra form the backbone of the torso
  • Stacked on each other w/ intervertebral disc in btwn
  • Cross section= body, vertebral foramen, spinous process
  • 7 cervical
  • 12 thoracic
  • 5 lumbar
  • 5 sacral
  • 5 coccygeal
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44
Q

Rib Cage

A
  • 12 pairs of ribs
  • Middle ribs are larger than upper and lower ribs
  • Parts- Shaft, head and neck
  • Costal groove- blood vessels and nerves run
  • Costal angle- curvature of rib as it bends in two directions (“twisted”)
45
Q

Vertebra articulating with the ribs

A
  • Posterior articulations btwn:
    1. Head of ribs and body of thoracic vertebrae
    2. Neck of ribs and transverse processes of thoracic vertebrae
  • Form 2 synovial joints
46
Q

Sternum

A
  • Front support for the rib cage
  • R1-10 articulate w/ sternum, R11&12 floating
  • 3 parts:
    1. Manubrium (R1)
    2. Corpus (R2-R6)
    3. Xiphoid process
47
Q

Joints of the Ribs and Sternum

A
  • Ribs join the sternum by cartilage
    1. Synchondrosis- R1 and manubrium; ossifies with age
    2. Synovial
  • -R2-R10
  • -Allow a variety of movements (upward, downward, inward)
  • -Movements occur simultaneously with the lateral movement of the rib cage and vertebral column
48
Q

Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle

A
  • Clavicle- articulates with manubrium of sternum on both sides
  • Scapula- Suspended in place by their articulations with clavicle
49
Q

Pelvic Girdle

A

-Base, lower back, and sides of skeletal torso

50
Q

Pulmonary Apparatus

A
  • Trachea
  • Bronchial Tree
  • Alveolar ducts
  • Lungs
51
Q

Trachea

A
  • Singular tube composed of 16-20 horseshoe-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage
  • Rings are incomplete posteriorly and filled with fibrous tissue and smooth muscle fibers
  • Rings extend C6-T5
  • Articulates superiorly with cricoid cartilage (base of larynx)
  • Bifurcates to form mainstream (primary) bronchi
52
Q

Bronchial Tree

A
  • Tubes running to the 5 lobes of the lungs (2L, 3R)
  • Segmental Bronchi
  • Subsegmental bronchi
  • Small bronchi
  • Terminal bronchi
  • Bronchioles
  • Alveolar ducts, sacs, and alveoli
53
Q

Alveolar Ducts

A
  • Air-filled structure
  • Million of alveoli in bunches
  • Surrounded by capillaries
  • Exchange gases
54
Q

Lungs

A
  • Pair of cone-shaped structures
  • Porous and spongy
  • Consists of elastic fibers
  • Visceral pleura- Inner layer
  • Parietal Pleura- Outer layer
55
Q

Thoracic Cavity

A
  • Pulmonary apparatus housed in chest wall
  • Rib cage
  • Sternum
  • Pectoral girdle
  • Vertebral column
  • Diaphragm
56
Q

Intercostal Muscles

A
  • 11 pairs of external and internal
  • Oriented obliquely and cross each other
  • Externals= superficial; not found at sternum end of ribs
  • Internal= deep; not found at vertebrae end of ribs
57
Q

External Intercostals

A
  • Stronger than internal
  • Expand rib cage; elevates
  • Origin is the rib above them; insertion= rib below
  • Contraction causes inserted rib to elevate
58
Q

Internal Intercostals

A
  • Originates from rib below, inserts to rib above
  • Assists in lowering the ribs along lateral and posterior walls; play a large role in forced expiration
  • Assist in adding rigidity during respiration
59
Q

Diaphragm

A
  • When diaphragm contracts, it lowers–> raises ribcage for inhalation
  • Single muscle that separates the thorax from the abdomen
  • One of the largest muscles in the body
  • Bi-domed in shape
  • Muscle fibers insert into the central tendon
  • 3 pts of origin
  • –Sternal portion attaches to the posterior surface of xiphoid process
  • –Costal portion anchors to lowermost 6 ribs
  • –Lumber portion attaches L1-L3
  • Parietal pleura= connections to the lungs
60
Q

Sternocleidomastoid

A
  • Front and side of neck
  • -Originates from top/front of sternum and sternal end of clavicle
  • Course superiorly and posteriorly to terminate at mastoid process of temporal bone
  • Elevates sternum and clavicle
61
Q

Muscles associated with the ventral thorax

A
  • Pectoralis major
  • Pectoralis minor
  • Subclavis
  • Serratus anterior
62
Q

Pectoralis major

A
  • Fan-shaped
  • Attached to clavicle, sternum, humerus
  • Elevates sternum and anterior part of ribs
63
Q

Pectoralis Minor

A
  • Deep to pectoralis major
  • Runs from anterior aspect of R2-R5 to the scapula
  • Elevates R2-R5
64
Q

Subclavis

A
  • Course below and parallel to clavicle
  • Runs from rib to clavicle
  • Elevates 1st rib
65
Q

Serratus Anterior

A
  • Sawtooth shaped
  • Runs from ribs to scapula and outer surfaces of ribs
  • Elevates R1-R8
66
Q

Dorsal muscles of the thoracic cavity

A
  • Lateral iliocostalis cervicis
  • Lateral iliocostalis thoracis
  • Latissimus dorsi
67
Q

Lateral Iliocostalis Cervicis

A
  • Originates on R3-R6 and inserts into C4-C6

- Elevates ribs

68
Q

Lateral Iliocostalis Thoracis

A
  • Originates R7-R12
  • Inserts into lower edges of R1-R6
  • Elevate ribs
69
Q

Latissimus Dorsi

A
  • Wider medially than laterally
  • Originates at the lower thoracic, lumbar, and sacral vertebrae and inserts into upper humerus
  • Elevates R9-R12
70
Q

Serratus Posterior Inferior

A

-Depresses ribs 9-12

71
Q

Serratus Posterior Superior

A
  • Originates from C7-T3
  • Inserts lateral to the angle of R2-R5
  • Elevates R2-5
72
Q

Muscles of the Abdominal wall

A
  1. External oblique
  2. Internal oblique
  3. Rectus Abdominus
  4. Transverse Abdominus
73
Q

External Oblique

A
  • Longest and strongest muscle
  • Originates on posterior surfaces of the lower 8 ribs and inserts at the anterior aspect of the pelvic bone
  • Fibers run in the diagonal direction
  • Pulls the lower ribs downward and compresses abdomen
74
Q

Internal Oblique

A
  • Runs deep to the external oblique
  • Course in a diagonal direction opposite the external oblique
  • Ordinates from the anterior 2/3 of the Iliac crest and inserts into R10-R12
  • Pulls downward on the lower ribs and compresses abdomen walls
75
Q

Rectus Abdominus

A
  • Fibers course vertically from the lower abdomen to the xiphoid process and from R5-R7
  • Compresses the anterior abdominal wall
  • Allows body to bend
  • Depress ribs–> Exhalation
76
Q

Transverse Abdominus

A
  • Runs horizontally from the inner surfaces of R6-R12, the diaphragm and transverse thoracic to the pelvic bone
  • Depress ribs–> Exhalation
  • Allows body to bend
77
Q

Secondary Muscles of Expiration

A
  • Muscles of the rib cage wall that serve to depress the ribs
  • –Serratus posterior inferior
  • –Subcostals
  • –Transversus Thoracis
78
Q

Cranial Nerves

A
  • Part of the PNS
  • Glossopharyngeal (9)
  • Vagus (10)
  • Hypoglossal (12)
  • Accessory (11)
  • –Unique origin from SC
  • –Innervates sternocleidomastoid (elevation of sternum, clavicle, ribcage)
  • Dilates larynx and upper airways for breathing
79
Q

Spinal nerves

A
  • 22
  • Contribute to control of breathing
  • Cervical, thoracic, lumbar nerves
80
Q

Output Variables in Respiration

A
  • Volume
  • Pressure
  • Inverse relationship
81
Q

Lung Volume and Lung Capacity

A
  • LV= Space inside lungs

- LC= How much oxygen the lungs can take in and out

82
Q

Alveolar Pressure

A
  • Force distributed within the lungs at any given time
  • Collision of air molecules in the lungs
  • –Increase in P= increase in air molecules
  • –Decrease in P= decrease in air molecules
83
Q

Volume Changes–> Movements in Rib Cage

A

-Rib cage wall moves vertically
1. In the front (upward/forward or downward/backward) along neck/transverse process
2. Along the side where the rib moves along both axis in an upward/outward or downward/inward
*Joints that make this possible=
Costosternal joint, costovertebral joint

84
Q

Movements of the Diaphragm

A
  • Contraction leads to lowering/flattening due to:
  • –Central tendon moving downward/forward
  • –Elevate the lower ribs
85
Q

Lung Volumes

A
  • Amount of air in the lungs at any given time
  • How much air is used for various purposes
  • Tidal volume, Inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, residual volume
86
Q

Tidal Volume (TV)

A
  • Volume of air inhaled and exhaled during a cycle of respiration
  • Varies; depends on age, build, degree of physical activity
  • –Adult male- 600-750 ml; 2030 during physical activity
  • –Females= 450 at rest
  • –Children= 200-400 at rest
87
Q

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

A
  • Amount of air that can be inhaled about tidal volume
  • Adult range= 1500-2500ml
  • Used for speaking to obtain more air if needed
88
Q

Expiratory Reserve Volume

A
  • Amount of air that can be exhaled below TV
  • Possible to continue exhaling
  • Utilize abdominal muscles
  • Adults= 1000-2000ml
89
Q

Residual Volume

A
  • Lung tissue is always slightly stretched bcuz pleural linkage
  • Always some air pressure in lungs
  • 1000-1500ml in adults
  • Can never be expired
90
Q

Dead Air

A

-Air inhaled but not involved in gas exhange

91
Q

Vital Capacity (VC)

A
  • Combination of tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume
  • Maximum amount of air that a person can exhale after having inhaled as deeply as possible
  • VC= TV+ IRV+ ERV
  • Restful breathing= uses only 10% of VC
  • Conversational speech= 20-35% of VC
  • Loud speech= 40-45% of VC
92
Q

Pleural Linkage

A
  • Linkage of lungs and thorax–> move as unit
  • Visceral pleura= covers lungs
  • Parietal pleura= inner surface of the thorax
  • Continuous membrane folded back on itself
  • Pleural space- space btwn membrances; contains fluid that has neg pressure
  • Slightly expanded, lowering the intrapleural pressure
  • Provide a smooth, friction-free surface for lungs and thorax to move against each other
93
Q

Inhalation in Quiet Breathing

A
  • Infants= 40-70 BPM
  • 5yo- 25 BPM
  • 15 yo- 20 BPM
  • Adults- 12-18 BPM
94
Q

Muscles used for Inhalation in Restful Breathing

A 
Primary:
-Diaphragm
-External intercostals
Accessory:
-Ventral thorax (pec minor and major)
-Dorsal thorax (latissimus dorsi)
-Sternocleidomastoid
*Exhalation uses passive recoil
95
Q

Pressure and Structural Differences in Tidal/Restful Breathing (Inhalation)

A
  • Alveolar pressure becomes neg so air will be forced into lungs
  • –Contract diaphragm; Increasing vertical dimensions of thorax
  • Ribs elevate due to: contraction of ext intercostals, cartilage twists to elevate, vertebrae acts as leverage
  • Lungs expand to fill the space
  • –Pleural linkage, drop in Palv
  • As lungs expand, air flows in due to neg Palv
96
Q

Exhalation during tidal/restful breathing

A
  • Palv must be positive (greater than Patmos)
  • Volume in lungs decrease
  • Diaphragm relaxes back to its dome-shaped position
  • Decrease in vertical dimensions of thorax
  • External intercostal muscles relax
  • Rib cage returns to original position
  • Air carrying CO2 is brought to alveoli via blood stream
97
Q

Passive Expiration in Quiet Breathing

A
  • Relaxation of the respiratory muscles causes air to rush out due to 3 passive forcedL
  • –Elastic recoil of lungs and ribcage
  • –Force of the untwisting of cartilage near sternum
  • –Gravity
  • —Air pressure in lungs increased; air flows out; lungs return to resting volume
98
Q

Inhalation During Restful Breathing

A
  • Controlled involuntary through a network of neurons in the medulla
  • –Peripheral nerves carry signals to muscles groups in respiratory system
  • Cortical or limbic systems can override brainstem control
  • Volume vs pressure-controlled exhalation
99
Q

Respiration During Sustained Phonation

A
  • Inspiratory and expiratory muscles play a role in maintaining alveolar pressure
  • Lung volume slowly decreases
100
Q

Muscle Activity During Sustained Phonation

A

-Each muscle group plays a unique role in the inspiratory or expiratory phase or both

101
Q

Respiratory System During Speaking

A
  • Lung volume, alveolar pressure, and muscular involvement is much more varied because phonation is broken up due to a number of factors such as changing in:
  • —Voicing
  • –Stress
  • –Intonation
  • –Utterance and word length
102
Q

Volume and Pressure during Connected Speech

A
  • Lung volume= midrange in vital capacity
  • –Pressure can more easily remain + as muscles impose pressure on system
  • Alveolar pressure= steady during convo
  • –Increases occur during stress or intonation differences
  • –Muscular pressure must be recruited to maintain added pressure
  • Louder speech requires:
  • –Increase in Palv
  • –Increase in muscular force
  • –Begin phonatory phase with larger lung volumes
103
Q

Pressure and Muscle Involvement During Connected Speech

A
  • In order to maintain targetted alveolar pressure, muscular pressure increases as exhalation continues
  • –Rib cage wall muscles
  • –Abdominal wall muscles
104
Q

Neural Innervation for Active Breathing

A
  • Involves voluntary motor activity
  • –Both cortical and subcortical structures
  • Varies in conscious control
105
Q

Speech Breathing

A
  • More air is inhaled than in quiet breathing (especially for loud or long utterances)
  • Accessory muscles of neck, chest, abdomen, and back may assist in expanding and slowly decreasing the thoracic cavity
  • Control is more voluntary and concious than in quiet breathing
  • Exhalation is slower and takes up more of the respiratory cycle
  • –Quiet breathing: Inhale 40%; exhal 60%
  • –Speech breathing: in 10%, rx 90%
106
Q

Parkinson’s Disease

A
  • Degeneration of dopamine in substantia nigra
  • Disorder effects motor control including initiation, coordination, and termination of voluntary movement
  • Movement described as:
  • –Increase in muscle tone
  • –Shakiness
  • –Rigid
  • –Slow
  • –Lack of balance
107
Q

Cerebellar Disease

A
  • Cerebellar damage (ataxia); impairment in coordination
  • Speech characteristics:
  • –Voice fluctuations
  • –Phoneme and syllable prolongation
  • –Slow rate of speech
  • –Abnormal prosody
  • –Reduced respiratory control
  • Impaired coordination effects the speakers ability to control breathing, voicing, and articulators
108
Q

Cervical Spinal Cord Injury

A
  • Injury to part of SC that supplies nerve impulses to the muscles of respiration
  • –Weakness or paralysis
  • –Diaphragm damage will require mechanical ventilation
  • Speech characteristics
  • –Reduced loudness
  • –Imprecise coordination
  • –Short breath groups
  • –Slow inspirations
  • –WNL resting tidal volume and breathing rate
  • Treatment focuses on building respiratory strength

Speech and Hearing (1 decks)

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