Exam 1- Lectures 1-4 Flashcards

1
Q

Speed

A
  • Distance traveled by an object in a given unit of time

- -Velocity- specifies direction of movement

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2
Q

Acceleration

A
  • Velocity changes as a fxn of time
  • Directly proportional to the force applied
  • Inversely proportional to the object’s mass
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3
Q

Elasticity

A

-The degree to which a material returns to its original shape after it has been deformed by an external force

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4
Q

Pressure

A
  • Force acting perpendicularly on a specific surface area
  • Measured in pascal (Pa)
  • Patmos= 101.325 kPa
  • Pressure in diff locations can be higher or lower than Patmos
  • —Increase in air molecules= increase in P
  • —Decrease in air molecules= decrease in P
  • Volume= inversely proportional to pressure
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5
Q

Acoustics

A
  • Study of sound
  • –Propagation of a pressure wave in space and time
  • Pressure waves move from states of high to low pressure
  • Audible disturbance in a medium such as air, water, metal
  • —Medium contains molecules that share characteristics of elasticity and mass
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6
Q

Air Molecules

A
  • Conducting medium of interest for speech
  • Number of molecules in a cubic inch of air= density of air (p)
  • Average number of air molecules per cubic meter of air= 3x10^23
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7
Q

Force

A

-Influence that causes an object to undergo a change in speech, a change in direction, or a change in shape

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8
Q

Displacement

A
  • Movement away from resting position

- The generation of a recoiling force

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9
Q

Restoring (Recoil) force

A
  • An opposition to an increase in displacement

- Variable force that gives rise to an equilibrium in a physical state; tends to bring system back toward equilibrium

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10
Q

Inertia

A
  • Resistance to change in its state of motion or rest

- Tendency of objects to move in a straight line at constant velocity

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11
Q

Sound Waves in Air

A
  • All particles go through the same back and forth motion, but the movement of each particle lags slightly behind the movement of the proceeding particle
  • The disturbance itself moves along the line of particles
  • Air particles move back and forth around their fixed resting position
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12
Q

Sound Wave Definition

A

-Movement (propagation) of a disturbance through a material medium such as air, w/o permanent displacement of the particles themselves

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13
Q

Simple Harmonic Motion

A
  • A periodic motion where the restoring force is directly proportional to the displacement
  • –Restoring force pulls towards resting position; overshoot occurs due to inertia
  • Pure tones= SHM
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14
Q

Inertia and Restoring Force within a Cycle

A
  • RF is strong when inertia is weak (when swing is displaced)
  • Inertia is strong when RF is weak (around rest position)
  • Interplay btwn the two leads to vibration that persists
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15
Q

Pure Tone

A
  • Pattern of vibration= periodic
  • Graphic represents a sine wave
  • Ex: Tuning forks and pendulums, swings
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16
Q

Periodic

A
  • Each cycle takes the same amount of time

- Frequency and period are constant

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17
Q

Compression

A

-Area of positive pressure from when molecules approach and collide

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18
Q

Rarefaction

A
  • Area of lower pressure

- Decreased density of air

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19
Q

Propagation

A

-Changes in pressure continue in a wavelike motion that travels from source of a sound

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20
Q

How does the tympanic membrane vibrate?

A

-Through changes in air pressure arriving at the ear

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21
Q

Period

A
  • T

- The time it takes to complete one cycle of motion of the molecule throughout the vibratory cycle

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22
Q

Frequency

A
  • Number of cycles per second
  • Hz
  • Inverse of period; f= 1/T
  • –As frequency increases, period decreases
  • Pitch= subjective quality related to frequency
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23
Q

Wavelengths

A
  • Measurement of spatial variation of a pressure wave
  • Distance covered by one complete cycle
  • Inverse relationship to frequency
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24
Q

Damping (Energy Loss)

A
  • As a sound wave travels across a medium, its energy is spread over a larger and larger area, its sound intensity gradually decreases
  • Each time molecule moves back and forth, it does so w/ diff amplification
  • Ex: friction, absorption
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25
Friction
-Air molecules rub against each other and against walls; generates heat and loss of energy
26
Absorption
- Air molecules are absorbed into the surroundings | - Low frequencies travel better through barriers (walls)
27
Complex sounds
- 2+ Frequencies - Occur when waves of diff frequencies combine/interfere w/ each other * If all periodic added together= complex periodic sound - Interference results in a more complex vibration of air molecules - Vowel production= complex, periodic sound
28
Fundamental Frequency
- Determined by the rate of repetition of the waveform pattern - Can be identical for multiple waveforms yet look different
29
How waveforms have unique appearances
-Changes in frequency or amplitude
30
Waveform vs Spectrum
- Waveform- displays an acoustic event in a time domain - --Amp and f across time - Spectrum- Displays an acoustic event in the frequency domain - ---Individual frequencies and amplitude at at given time
31
Harmonics
- Overtone frequency | - Multiple components of the fundamental frequency
32
Resonance
- Phenomenon whereby an object vibrates with maximum energy at a particular frequency - Natural frequency - --The frequency at which an object vibrates freely - --Determined by length, density, tension, stiffness - --W/o interference, objects always vibrate at NF
33
Resonant Frequencies
- Everything that vibrates has a resonant frequency - --Frequency at which something vibrates - --Independent of amplitude - Shorter/smaller objects tend to vibrate at higher f - Longer/larger objects tend to vibrate at lower frequencies
34
Acoustic Resonators
- Something that contains air (ex; vocal tract) - --Frequency dependent on size of cavity - --Shape is not important when determining frequency
35
Mass Spring System
-Air is compressed and rarefied because air within the container acts as the spring that oscillates back and forth
36
Tube Resonance
- Amplify frequencies that are closest to the objects natural resonant frequency - Object's NF determined by shape and material
37
Bandwidth
- Range of frequencies that a resonator will respond to - Symmetrical tube= narrow bandwidth - Irregular tube= wide bandwith
38
Vocal Tract as a Resonator
1. Tube that is closed at one end and open at another 2. Series of air-filled containers that are connected to each other 3. Broadly tuned resonator= transmits a wide range of frequencies around each RF 4. Variable resonator
39
Sound filter theory
-Glottal sound--> Sound source--> Vocal tract filter--> Speech sounds
40
3 Subsystems of Speech Production
1. Respiratory 2. Laryngeal/Phonatory 3. Articulatory/Resonance
41
Torso
Thorax + Abdomen
42
Thorax
- Vertebral column - Rib cage - Pectoral Girdle - Pelvic girdle - Trachea - Sternum
43
Vertebrae
- 34 vertebra form the backbone of the torso - Stacked on each other w/ intervertebral disc in btwn - Cross section= body, vertebral foramen, spinous process - 7 cervical - 12 thoracic - 5 lumbar - 5 sacral - 5 coccygeal
44
Rib Cage
- 12 pairs of ribs - Middle ribs are larger than upper and lower ribs - Parts- Shaft, head and neck - Costal groove- blood vessels and nerves run - Costal angle- curvature of rib as it bends in two directions ("twisted")
45
Vertebra articulating with the ribs
- Posterior articulations btwn: 1. Head of ribs and body of thoracic vertebrae 2. Neck of ribs and transverse processes of thoracic vertebrae * Form 2 synovial joints
46
Sternum
- Front support for the rib cage - R1-10 articulate w/ sternum, R11&12 floating - 3 parts: 1. Manubrium (R1) 2. Corpus (R2-R6) 3. Xiphoid process
47
Joints of the Ribs and Sternum
- Ribs join the sternum by cartilage 1. Synchondrosis- R1 and manubrium; ossifies with age 2. Synovial - -R2-R10 - -Allow a variety of movements (upward, downward, inward) - -Movements occur simultaneously with the lateral movement of the rib cage and vertebral column
48
Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle
- Clavicle- articulates with manubrium of sternum on both sides - Scapula- Suspended in place by their articulations with clavicle
49
Pelvic Girdle
-Base, lower back, and sides of skeletal torso
50
Pulmonary Apparatus
- Trachea - Bronchial Tree - Alveolar ducts - Lungs
51
Trachea
- Singular tube composed of 16-20 horseshoe-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage - Rings are incomplete posteriorly and filled with fibrous tissue and smooth muscle fibers - Rings extend C6-T5 - Articulates superiorly with cricoid cartilage (base of larynx) - Bifurcates to form mainstream (primary) bronchi
52
Bronchial Tree
- Tubes running to the 5 lobes of the lungs (2L, 3R) - Segmental Bronchi - Subsegmental bronchi - Small bronchi - Terminal bronchi - Bronchioles - Alveolar ducts, sacs, and alveoli
53
Alveolar Ducts
- Air-filled structure - Million of alveoli in bunches - Surrounded by capillaries - Exchange gases
54
Lungs
- Pair of cone-shaped structures - Porous and spongy - Consists of elastic fibers - Visceral pleura- Inner layer - Parietal Pleura- Outer layer
55
Thoracic Cavity
- Pulmonary apparatus housed in chest wall - Rib cage - Sternum - Pectoral girdle - Vertebral column - Diaphragm
56
Intercostal Muscles
- 11 pairs of external and internal - Oriented obliquely and cross each other - Externals= superficial; not found at sternum end of ribs - Internal= deep; not found at vertebrae end of ribs
57
External Intercostals
- Stronger than internal - Expand rib cage; elevates - Origin is the rib above them; insertion= rib below - Contraction causes inserted rib to elevate
58
Internal Intercostals
- Originates from rib below, inserts to rib above - Assists in lowering the ribs along lateral and posterior walls; play a large role in forced expiration - Assist in adding rigidity during respiration
59
Diaphragm
* When diaphragm contracts, it lowers--> raises ribcage for inhalation - Single muscle that separates the thorax from the abdomen - One of the largest muscles in the body - Bi-domed in shape - Muscle fibers insert into the central tendon - 3 pts of origin - --Sternal portion attaches to the posterior surface of xiphoid process - --Costal portion anchors to lowermost 6 ribs - --Lumber portion attaches L1-L3 - Parietal pleura= connections to the lungs
60
Sternocleidomastoid
- Front and side of neck - -Originates from top/front of sternum and sternal end of clavicle - Course superiorly and posteriorly to terminate at mastoid process of temporal bone - Elevates sternum and clavicle
61
Muscles associated with the ventral thorax
- Pectoralis major - Pectoralis minor - Subclavis - Serratus anterior
62
Pectoralis major
- Fan-shaped - Attached to clavicle, sternum, humerus - Elevates sternum and anterior part of ribs
63
Pectoralis Minor
- Deep to pectoralis major - Runs from anterior aspect of R2-R5 to the scapula - Elevates R2-R5
64
Subclavis
- Course below and parallel to clavicle - Runs from rib to clavicle - Elevates 1st rib
65
Serratus Anterior
- Sawtooth shaped - Runs from ribs to scapula and outer surfaces of ribs - Elevates R1-R8
66
Dorsal muscles of the thoracic cavity
- Lateral iliocostalis cervicis - Lateral iliocostalis thoracis - Latissimus dorsi
67
Lateral Iliocostalis Cervicis
- Originates on R3-R6 and inserts into C4-C6 | - Elevates ribs
68
Lateral Iliocostalis Thoracis
- Originates R7-R12 - Inserts into lower edges of R1-R6 - Elevate ribs
69
Latissimus Dorsi
- Wider medially than laterally - Originates at the lower thoracic, lumbar, and sacral vertebrae and inserts into upper humerus - Elevates R9-R12
70
Serratus Posterior Inferior
-Depresses ribs 9-12
71
Serratus Posterior Superior
- Originates from C7-T3 - Inserts lateral to the angle of R2-R5 - Elevates R2-5
72
Muscles of the Abdominal wall
1. External oblique 2. Internal oblique 3. Rectus Abdominus 4. Transverse Abdominus
73
External Oblique
- Longest and strongest muscle - Originates on posterior surfaces of the lower 8 ribs and inserts at the anterior aspect of the pelvic bone - Fibers run in the diagonal direction - Pulls the lower ribs downward and compresses abdomen
74
Internal Oblique
- Runs deep to the external oblique - Course in a diagonal direction opposite the external oblique - Ordinates from the anterior 2/3 of the Iliac crest and inserts into R10-R12 - Pulls downward on the lower ribs and compresses abdomen walls
75
Rectus Abdominus
- Fibers course vertically from the lower abdomen to the xiphoid process and from R5-R7 - Compresses the anterior abdominal wall * Allows body to bend - Depress ribs--> Exhalation
76
Transverse Abdominus
- Runs horizontally from the inner surfaces of R6-R12, the diaphragm and transverse thoracic to the pelvic bone - Depress ribs--> Exhalation * Allows body to bend
77
Secondary Muscles of Expiration
- Muscles of the rib cage wall that serve to depress the ribs - --Serratus posterior inferior - --Subcostals - --Transversus Thoracis
78
Cranial Nerves
- Part of the PNS - Glossopharyngeal (9) - Vagus (10) - Hypoglossal (12) - Accessory (11) - --Unique origin from SC - --Innervates sternocleidomastoid (elevation of sternum, clavicle, ribcage) * Dilates larynx and upper airways for breathing
79
Spinal nerves
- 22 - Contribute to control of breathing - Cervical, thoracic, lumbar nerves
80
Output Variables in Respiration
- Volume - Pressure * Inverse relationship
81
Lung Volume and Lung Capacity
- LV= Space inside lungs | - LC= How much oxygen the lungs can take in and out
82
Alveolar Pressure
- Force distributed within the lungs at any given time - Collision of air molecules in the lungs - --Increase in P= increase in air molecules - --Decrease in P= decrease in air molecules
83
Volume Changes--> Movements in Rib Cage
-Rib cage wall moves vertically 1. In the front (upward/forward or downward/backward) along neck/transverse process 2. Along the side where the rib moves along both axis in an upward/outward or downward/inward *Joints that make this possible= Costosternal joint, costovertebral joint
84
Movements of the Diaphragm
- Contraction leads to lowering/flattening due to: - --Central tendon moving downward/forward - --Elevate the lower ribs
85
Lung Volumes
- Amount of air in the lungs at any given time - How much air is used for various purposes - Tidal volume, Inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, residual volume
86
Tidal Volume (TV)
- Volume of air inhaled and exhaled during a cycle of respiration - Varies; depends on age, build, degree of physical activity - --Adult male- 600-750 ml; 2030 during physical activity - --Females= 450 at rest - --Children= 200-400 at rest
87
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
- Amount of air that can be inhaled about tidal volume - Adult range= 1500-2500ml - Used for speaking to obtain more air if needed
88
Expiratory Reserve Volume
- Amount of air that can be exhaled below TV - Possible to continue exhaling - Utilize abdominal muscles - Adults= 1000-2000ml
89
Residual Volume
- Lung tissue is always slightly stretched bcuz pleural linkage - Always some air pressure in lungs - 1000-1500ml in adults - Can never be expired
90
Dead Air
-Air inhaled but not involved in gas exhange
91
Vital Capacity (VC)
- Combination of tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume - Maximum amount of air that a person can exhale after having inhaled as deeply as possible - VC= TV+ IRV+ ERV * Restful breathing= uses only 10% of VC * Conversational speech= 20-35% of VC * Loud speech= 40-45% of VC
92
Pleural Linkage
- Linkage of lungs and thorax--> move as unit - Visceral pleura= covers lungs - Parietal pleura= inner surface of the thorax * Continuous membrane folded back on itself - Pleural space- space btwn membrances; contains fluid that has neg pressure - Slightly expanded, lowering the intrapleural pressure - Provide a smooth, friction-free surface for lungs and thorax to move against each other
93
Inhalation in Quiet Breathing
- Infants= 40-70 BPM - 5yo- 25 BPM - 15 yo- 20 BPM - Adults- 12-18 BPM
94
Muscles used for Inhalation in Restful Breathing
``` Primary: -Diaphragm -External intercostals Accessory: -Ventral thorax (pec minor and major) -Dorsal thorax (latissimus dorsi) -Sternocleidomastoid *Exhalation uses passive recoil ```
95
Pressure and Structural Differences in Tidal/Restful Breathing (Inhalation)
- Alveolar pressure becomes neg so air will be forced into lungs - --Contract diaphragm; Increasing vertical dimensions of thorax - Ribs elevate due to: contraction of ext intercostals, cartilage twists to elevate, vertebrae acts as leverage - Lungs expand to fill the space - --Pleural linkage, drop in Palv - As lungs expand, air flows in due to neg Palv
96
Exhalation during tidal/restful breathing
- Palv must be positive (greater than Patmos) - Volume in lungs decrease - Diaphragm relaxes back to its dome-shaped position - Decrease in vertical dimensions of thorax - External intercostal muscles relax - Rib cage returns to original position - Air carrying CO2 is brought to alveoli via blood stream
97
Passive Expiration in Quiet Breathing
- Relaxation of the respiratory muscles causes air to rush out due to 3 passive forcedL - --Elastic recoil of lungs and ribcage - --Force of the untwisting of cartilage near sternum - --Gravity - ---Air pressure in lungs increased; air flows out; lungs return to resting volume
98
Inhalation During Restful Breathing
- Controlled involuntary through a network of neurons in the medulla - --Peripheral nerves carry signals to muscles groups in respiratory system - Cortical or limbic systems can override brainstem control * Volume vs pressure-controlled exhalation
99
Respiration During Sustained Phonation
- Inspiratory and expiratory muscles play a role in maintaining alveolar pressure - Lung volume slowly decreases
100
Muscle Activity During Sustained Phonation
-Each muscle group plays a unique role in the inspiratory or expiratory phase or both
101
Respiratory System During Speaking
- Lung volume, alveolar pressure, and muscular involvement is much more varied because phonation is broken up due to a number of factors such as changing in: - ---Voicing - --Stress - --Intonation - --Utterance and word length
102
Volume and Pressure during Connected Speech
- Lung volume= midrange in vital capacity - --Pressure can more easily remain + as muscles impose pressure on system - Alveolar pressure= steady during convo - --Increases occur during stress or intonation differences - --Muscular pressure must be recruited to maintain added pressure - Louder speech requires: - --Increase in Palv - --Increase in muscular force - --Begin phonatory phase with larger lung volumes
103
Pressure and Muscle Involvement During Connected Speech
- In order to maintain targetted alveolar pressure, muscular pressure increases as exhalation continues - --Rib cage wall muscles - --Abdominal wall muscles
104
Neural Innervation for Active Breathing
- Involves voluntary motor activity - --Both cortical and subcortical structures - Varies in conscious control
105
Speech Breathing
- More air is inhaled than in quiet breathing (especially for loud or long utterances) - Accessory muscles of neck, chest, abdomen, and back may assist in expanding and slowly decreasing the thoracic cavity - Control is more voluntary and concious than in quiet breathing - Exhalation is slower and takes up more of the respiratory cycle - --Quiet breathing: Inhale 40%; exhal 60% - --Speech breathing: in 10%, rx 90%
106
Parkinson's Disease
- Degeneration of dopamine in substantia nigra - Disorder effects motor control including initiation, coordination, and termination of voluntary movement - Movement described as: - --Increase in muscle tone - --Shakiness - --Rigid - --Slow - --Lack of balance
107
Cerebellar Disease
- Cerebellar damage (ataxia); impairment in coordination - Speech characteristics: - --Voice fluctuations - --Phoneme and syllable prolongation - --Slow rate of speech - --Abnormal prosody - --Reduced respiratory control - Impaired coordination effects the speakers ability to control breathing, voicing, and articulators
108
Cervical Spinal Cord Injury
- Injury to part of SC that supplies nerve impulses to the muscles of respiration - --Weakness or paralysis - --Diaphragm damage will require mechanical ventilation - Speech characteristics - --Reduced loudness - --Imprecise coordination - --Short breath groups - --Slow inspirations - --WNL resting tidal volume and breathing rate - Treatment focuses on building respiratory strength