exam 1 lecture 2 slides

Question 1

Historical origins 384-322 bc

Answer 1

-Aristotle wrote historia animalium, led to scala naturae, which is the ladder of being

-species were believed to be eternal and immutable, created for a specific purpose

Question 2

Historical origins 1800’s

Answer 2

-Victorian hobbies
-the age of aquaria, terraria, and vivarium

1850: philip gosse coined the term aquarium
1853: first public aquarium appeared in the London zoo

Question 3

Anthromorphoism

Answer 3

-attribution of human feelings and emotional states to animals
-we cannot claim that nonhuman animals share the same experiences

Question 4

Humans are aware of 3 mental experiences

Answer 4

-feelings
-motivations
-thoughts

Question 5

Anecdote

Answer 5

-short narrative of an interesting, amusing, or biographical incident
-single, informal observation of a behavior

Question 6

18th century, origins of beliefs

Answer 6

-anthromorphoism and anecdotal cognitivism were accepted as the only means of explaining behavior

Question 7

19th century, origins, charles darwin

Answer 7

-charles darwin: natural selection shapes instincts

Question 8

19th century origins cont, george romanes

Answer 8

-George Romanes: comparative method, how characteristics of species evolve together across species
-returned to poetic, anthromorphic, , and anecdotal cognitivism

Question 9

19th century origins cont 2, cl morgan

Answer 9

-endeavor to distinguish observed fact from observers inference, observational method

Question 10

W. Ockham’s razor: 14th century

Answer 10

“entities are not meant to be multiplied beyond necessity”

Question 11

Morgan’s canon, the law of parsimony

Answer 11

-Things are usually connected in the simplest way

-led to backlash against the comparative method

Question 12

Beginning of the modern era, 1973

Answer 12

Lorenz, Tinbergen, and von frisch won nobel prize for development in ethology

Question 13

karl von frisch

Answer 13

bee communication

Question 14

niko tinbergen

Answer 14

gull experiments, digger wasps

Question 15

konrad lorenz

Answer 15

imprinting in geese

Question 16

E Mayr had 2 perspectives

Answer 16

Proximate and ultimate

Question 17

Tinbergen had 4 levels

Answer 17

causation (mechanistic), ontogeny (developmental), function (survival value), and evolution (evolutionary/phylogenetic)

Question 18

Causation in animal behavior, proximate levels, (causation) sensory-motor mechanisms

Answer 18

-nervous systems for detection of stimuli
-hormonal systems for adjusting response to stimuli
-skeletal-muscular systems for carrying out response

Question 19

proximate levels (ontogeny) genetics and development

Answer 19

-gene-environment interactions underlying development of sensory-motor mechanisms
-hereditary effects, learning

Question 20

Ultimate levels, ecological function

Answer 20

• selective processes shaping expression of trait
  -usefulness of behavior for survival and reproduction

Question 21

Ultimate levels, evolution

Answer 21

-events and pathways over evolution leading from origin to current expression of a behavior
-phylogenetic effects

Question 22

do behaviors fall into specific categories?

Answer 22

nah, they just occur

Question 23

why does the lizard behave this way?

Answer 23

-what is the mechanistic cause of this behavior?
-how does this behavior develop?
-what is the function of this behavior?
-why did this behavior evolve?

Question 24

ethology

Answer 24

from greek ethos meaning character; the scientific and objective study of animal behavior