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A & P > EXAM 1: Lecture 1 > Flashcards

EXAM 1: Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is renal clearance?

A

Volume of plasma that is cleared of the compound per unit time.

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2
Q

What does the clearance of some compounds reflect?

A

The filtration capacity of the kidney, known as GFR.

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3
Q

What does free water clearance indicate?

A

How much water is being removed from the body.

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4
Q

How does ADH affect free water clearance?

A

High ADH levels result in low free water clearance.

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5
Q

What is the formula for kidney vascular resistance?

A

Delta pressure divided by blood flow.

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6
Q

What percentage of cardiac output is renal blood flow?

A

20% of cardiac output.

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7
Q

What is the Renal Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)?

A

A system that regulates blood pressure and fluid balance.

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8
Q

What triggers the release of renin?

A

A drop in blood pressure.

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9
Q

What does angiotensin II do?

A

Causes vasoconstriction, increases sodium and water reabsorption, and stimulates aldosterone and ADH release.

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10
Q

What happens when blood pressure rises due to RAAS?

A

The heart produces ANP to shut down the RAAS.

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11
Q

What is the normal mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

A

100 mmHg.

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12
Q

What is the equation for MAP?

A

Diastolic pressure + 1/3(Systolic - Diastolic).

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13
Q

What is the hydrostatic pressure at the arterial end of the capillary?

A

30 mmHg.

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14
Q

What is the hydrostatic pressure at the venule end of the capillary?

A

10 mmHg.

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15
Q

What is pulse pressure?

A

Systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure.

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16
Q

What is compliance in the cardiovascular system?

A

The measure of stretchiness of blood vessels.

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17
Q

What is the equation for vascular compliance?

A

Delta volume divided by delta pressure.

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18
Q

What does increased vascular compliance indicate?

A

Stretchy walls and lower pressure required to accommodate high volume.

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19
Q

What is the stroke volume (SV)?

A

The amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle per beat.

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20
Q

What is the normal cardiac output?

A

5 L/min.

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21
Q

What is ejection fraction (EF)?

A

The amount of blood pumped with each contraction relative to the total available blood.

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22
Q

What indicates heart failure in terms of ejection fraction?

A

An EF of 40% or less.

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23
Q

What does central venous pressure (CVP) measure?

A

Preload.

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24
Q

What is the normal range for CVP?

A

2-6 mmHg.

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25
Q

What is preload?

A

Volume/pressure in the ventricle at the end of diastole.

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26
Q

What is the relationship between preload and stroke volume?

A

As preload increases, stroke volume and cardiac output increase.

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27
Q

True or False: The aorta has a high compliance.

A

True.

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28
Q

What causes low pulse pressure?

A

Stretchy and relaxed vessel walls.

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29
Q

What is the pressure in the left ventricle during systole?

A

120 mmHg.

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30
Q

What is the pressure in the right atrium?

31
Q

What does a high pulse pressure indicate?

A

Arterial stiffness and high stroke volume.

32
Q

How does vascular resistance affect blood pressure?

A

Higher resistance leads to lower blood flow and higher pressure upstream.

33
Q

What is the role of heart valves?

A

Prevent backflow to ensure one-way blood flow.

34
Q

What are the two types of heart valves?

A

Atrioventricular valves and semilunar valves.

35
Q

What is the primary characteristic of arterioles?

A

High resistance due to thick walls and narrow diameters.

36
Q

What is the formula for cardiac output?

A

Stroke volume multiplied by heart rate.

37
Q

What happens to cardiac output when heart rate increases?

A

Cardiac output increases.

38
Q

What is vascular distensibility?

A

An increase in volume divided by an increase in pressure times the original volume.

39
Q

What is preload?

A

The volume/pressure in the ventricle at the end of diastole just prior to ejection

Right atrial pressure reflects right ventricular preload; pulmonary artery wedge pressure reflects left ventricular preload.

40
Q

What happens to stroke volume and cardiac output as preload increases?

A

They increase

Too high of a preload may lead to heart failure.

41
Q

How is preload monitored?

A

By central venous pressure (CVP) or right atrial line for the right side and a left atrial line for the left side

42
Q

What drugs increase preload?

A
  • Pressors
  • Volume expanders (crystalloids, colloids)
43
Q

What drugs decrease preload?

A
  • Morphine
  • Diuretics
  • Dilators (nitrates, nitroprusside)
44
Q

Define afterload.

A

The pressure (resistance) against which the ventricle must pump to open the pulmonic or aortic valve

45
Q

What is afterload clinically measured by?

A

Pulmonary vascular resistance for the right ventricle and systemic vascular resistance (SVR) for the left ventricle

46
Q

What happens to cardiac output and stroke volume as afterload increases?

A

They decrease

47
Q

List drugs that increase afterload.

A
  • Norepinephrine
  • Phenylephrine
  • High dose dopamine
  • Epinephrine
48
Q

List drugs that decrease afterload.

A
  • Nitroprusside
  • ACE inhibitors
  • Hydralazine
  • Calcium channel blockers
  • IABP
  • Nitroglycerin
49
Q

What does SVR stand for?

A

Systemic vascular resistance

50
Q

What is stroke volume variation (SVV)?

A

A highly reliable indicator of preload responsiveness in mechanically ventilated patients

51
Q

What does a high SVV indicate?

A

The patient is likely to be preload responsive

52
Q

What is the normal range for pulmonary artery wedge pressure (PAWP)?

53
Q

What does pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) reflect?

A

The amount of force your heart exerts to pump blood from your heart to your lungs

54
Q

What factors can increase pulmonary artery pressure?

A
  • Hypertension
  • Mitral valve stenosis
  • Congestive heart failure (CHF)
  • Pulmonary edema
  • Hypervolemia
55
Q

Define contractility.

A

Strength of the muscle contraction, independent of preload and afterload

56
Q

What drugs increase contractility?

A
  • Positive inotropes (dopamine, dobutamine, milrinone, epinephrine)
57
Q

What can decrease contractility?

A
  • Negative inotropes (beta blockers, calcium channel blockers)
  • Metabolic problems (metabolic acidosis, sepsis)
58
Q

What does the Frank Starling law describe?

A

The relationship between myocyte stretch and contractility

59
Q

What happens to stroke volume as left ventricular volume increases?

A

It increases due to myocyte stretch causing a more forceful systolic contraction

60
Q

What occurs when the actin and myosin are too stretched?

A

The force of contraction will decline

61
Q

What is the primary role of capillaries?

A

Facilitate filtration at the arteriolar end and reabsorption at the venule end

62
Q

What happens to fluid not reabsorbed at the venule end?

A

It is taken up by the lymphatic system

63
Q

What is colloid pressure composed of?

A
  • Albumin
  • Globulins
  • Fibrinogen
64
Q

What effect does gravity have on blood pressure?

A

Pressure increases as you move further down the body

65
Q

What is the isogravimetric point?

A

The reference point for 0 mmHg pressure inside the heart at the tricuspid valve

66
Q

What happens to neck veins in relation to pressure?

A

They have 0 mmHg pressure and are easily compressible

67
Q

What is the pressure at the foot due to gravity?

68
Q

What is the function of one-way valves in veins?

A

Prevent backflow and support blood movement toward the heart

69
Q

What can lead to varicose veins?

A

Stretched veins and malfunctioning valves due to prolonged standing

70
Q

What is the normal volume for systemic arterial circulation?

71
Q

What is the normal volume for systemic venous circulation?

72
Q

What does Ohm’s law for the cardiovascular system state?

A

Delta blood pressure = blood flow x resistance

73
Q

What is the normal systemic vascular resistance range?

74
Q

What happens to blood flow with small changes in vessel diameter?

A

Large changes in conductance and resistance occur

A & P (8 decks)

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