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AGM 1 > Exam 1: Labs > Flashcards

Exam 1: Labs Flashcards

1
Q

Albumin indications

A

nutritional status, liver failure, alcoholism, swelling OUO

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2
Q

where and how is albumin synthesized

A

in the liver from protein

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3
Q

what percentage of protein does albumin make up

A

60%

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4
Q

why does hypoalbuminemia contribute to edema

A

proteins are an important component contributing to osmotic pressure in the vascular space

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5
Q

albumin is commonly elevated with

A

dehydration

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6
Q

albumin is commonly decreased with

A

liver failure, malnutrition, alcoholism, acute physiological stress

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7
Q

what are globulins

A

all non-albumin proteins

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8
Q

what is an earlier marker of malnutrition than albumin and why

A

pre-albumin, short half-like (rapidly fluctuates)

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9
Q

pre-albumin indications

A

nutritional status, liver failure

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10
Q

pre-albumin AKA

A

tyroxine-binding prealbumin

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11
Q

what does pre-albumin have a role in transporting

A

vitamin A

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12
Q

pre-albumin is commonly abnormal with

A

malnutrition (decreased)

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13
Q

Vitamin B12 indications

A

Anemia, confusion, vegan, elderly, malabsorption, neurological deficits, alcoholism

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14
Q

what is a long-term marker of B12 status

A

urine methmalonic acid

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15
Q

what is necessary for B12 to absorb?

A

Intrinsic factor (allows B12 to be absorbed in small intestine)

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16
Q

most common cause of B12 deficiency

A

lack of IF

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17
Q

B12 converts what to its active form

A

folate

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18
Q

B12 deficiency creates what kind of anemia

A

megaloblastic (RBCs fracture and hemolyze)

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19
Q

B12 level commonly abnormal with

A

malabsorption, elderly, pernicious anemia, vegans

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20
Q

Vitamin D’s relationship to parathyroid hormone

A

vitamin D inhibits parathyroid hormone secretion

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21
Q

Vitamin D’s relationship to corticosteroids

A

corticosteroids decrease vitamin D levels

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22
Q

homocysteine indications

A

Pts with known poor nutritional status or anemia, to screen for heart disease in high-risk patients, monitor known heart disease, screen for homocysteinuria

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23
Q

high homocysteine levels indicate

A

elevated risk of thrombotic events

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24
Q

most common reason for high homocysteine levels

A

B6/B12/Folate deficiencies

25
Q

relationship of B6/B12/Folate to homocysteine

A

they are necessary for its metabolism

26
Q

hospice eligibility for cancer

A

widespread, aggressive, or progressive; palliative performance scale <70, refuses curative or it doesn’t work

27
Q

hospice eligibility for dementia

A

FAST scale stage 7, 1 or more signs of serious decline (aspiration pneumonia, UTI, ulcers, fever, weight loss, etc.)

28
Q

hospice eligibility for failure to thrive

A

chronic disease diagnosis with severe weight loss despite interventions

29
Q

how many patients utilize hospice for less than 1 week

A

1/3

30
Q

what is the average length of hospice stay

A

23 days

31
Q

how many live discharges from hospice

A

13-18%

32
Q

what percentage of people on hospice die at home

A

75%

33
Q

what percentage of people not on hospice die at home

A

25%

34
Q

what are the 2 most important factors for poor quality of life

A

being in the hospital and being in the ICU

35
Q

what is resuscitation rate for cardiac arrest

A

30%

36
Q

what is survival to discharge rate for cardiac arrest

A

10%

37
Q

what is the connection between surviving cardiac arrest and age

A

for every year, chances of survival decrease 1%

38
Q

what is the connection between surviving cardiac arrest and comorbidity

A

for every comorbidity, chances of survival decrease 1%

39
Q

hospice definition

A

comprehensive interdisciplinary team-based palliative care for patients with life-limiting illness and a prognosis of 6 months or less

40
Q

CA 125 indication

A

to monitor treatment and recurrence of ovarian, fallopian tube, endometrial, peritoneal cancers

41
Q

CEA indication

A

to monitor treatment and recurrence of a variety of cancers, especially colorectal cancer

42
Q

which tumor marker is found in embryos but disappears except in the case of cancer

A

CEA

43
Q

what cancers other than colorectal can cause an elevated CEA

A

breast, lung, gastric, pancreatic, thyroid

44
Q

what noncancerous conditions can cause an elevated CEA

A

cirrhosis, crohns disease, COPD, UC, pancreatitis

45
Q

HER-2 stands for

A

human epidermal growth factor

46
Q

HER-2 and breast cancer prognosis

A

HER-2 overexpression is linked with worse prognosis

47
Q

HER-2 specific treatment

A

Herceptin (antineoplastic monoclonal antibody)

48
Q

which BRCA mutation is more associated with ovarian cancer

A

BRCA-1

49
Q

contraindications of mammography

A

pregnancy (relative), younger than age 25

50
Q

interfering factors of mammography

A

talc, deodorant, jewelry, previous surgery

51
Q

colonoscopy indications

A

HOB-positive stool, abnormal sigmoidoscopy, lower GI tract bleeding, abdominal pain, change in bowel habits, at risk for colorectal cancer, screening

52
Q

colonoscopy contraindications

A

profuse rectal bleeding, unstable, toxic megacolon, perforated bowel, recent colon anastomosis

53
Q

causes of PSA elevation

A

BPH, prostate cancer, infection

54
Q

what is PCA 3

A

a urine genetic test to determine risk of prostate cancer

55
Q

when should a PSA be drawn

A

before a DRE

56
Q

indications for PCA 3

A

to help determine if an elevated PSA could be due to prostate cancer and determine need for biopsy

57
Q

what lab test monitors extrinsic clotting system

A

PT

58
Q

what lab test monitors intrinsic clotting system

A

PTT

59
Q

what lab test is used to monitor heparin use

A

PTT

AGM 1 (5 decks)

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