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Toxicology > Exam 1--LA Toxins > Flashcards

Exam 1--LA Toxins Flashcards

1
Q

Blister beetles are associated with which type of feed stuff & what toxin do they release?

A

Alfalfa Hay

Cantharidin

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2
Q

In addition to GI effects in horses, what other system might appear compromised with blister beetle toxicity and why?

A

Renal–cantharidin is excreted in urine

*dysuria, nephrosis, cystitis

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3
Q

Buttercups:

1) which system do they affect
2) which spp?

A

1) GI

2) livestock

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4
Q

Pokeweed:

1) system affected?
2) toxic principle?

A

1) GI

2) Saponin

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5
Q

Quercus can cause toxic effects in which systems?

What are 2 characteristic clinical signs?

A

GI
Renal

Bloody or dark diarrhea with acute renal failure

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6
Q

Which 2 plants can cause both GI and neuro signs?

A

Chinaberry

Nightshades (Jimson weed is neuro)

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7
Q

Toxic principle for chinaberry?

A

Tetranortriterpenoids

*Tetra-nor-tri-terpenoids

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8
Q

What are the 3 toxic principles found in nightshades & general effect of each?

A

1) Solanine (GI & neuro toxic)
2) Tropane alkaloids (anticholinergic)
3) Nicotine (cholinergic)

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9
Q

MOA of toxalbumins?
Which part of plant is typically toxic?
Which spp. most affected?

A

1) inhibition of protein synthesis (ribosomal inhibiton)
2) SEEDS (intact seed= not absorbed)
3) HORSES

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10
Q

Violent purging (bloody diarrhea with straining) along with other GI signs would be suggestive of?

A

Toxalbumin toxicity (i.e. Castor beans)

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11
Q

Toxic principle in castor beans? It’s MOA?

A

Ricin–inhibits 60s ribosomal subunit

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12
Q

Toxic principle of Rhododendron spp. and its MOA?

A

Grayanotoxin

Increases membrane permeability to Na

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13
Q

In addition to vomiting in goats (GI), which other system can rhododendrons affect?

A

Cardio

*can lead to fatal bradycardia

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14
Q

A unique treatment option for animals that have eaten persimmons?

A

Carbonated cola

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15
Q

Describe where nitrates are located in the plant and what can cause it to accumulate?

A

Bottom 1/3 of stalk (grains and leaves are less toxic)

accumulates in stressful conditions–plants stops growing and metabolizing it

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16
Q

Which spp. is most susceptible to nitrates and why?

Describe nitrate MOA

A

Ruminants (convert it to nitrite in rumen)

*Nitritie oxidizes hemoglobin to methemoglobin, which cannot bind O2

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17
Q

T/F: finding blue/brown MM in a cow can confirm nitrate toxicity

A

FALSE

**brown MM only SUGGESTIVE

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18
Q

Nitrates:

1) what sample is taken to measure for nitrate/nitrite levels?

A

Plasma

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19
Q

2 treatment options for nitrate/nitrite

A

Methylene blue (converts MetHgb–>Hgb)

Rumen lavage with cold water (slows microbial activity=less nitrite produced)

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20
Q

Name 2 plants that can accumulate nitrates?

A

Pigweed

Johnson grass

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21
Q

Wild black cherry & choke cherry impact which system?

Toxic principle?

A

Hematologic;

Prussic acid (cyanide)

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22
Q

Bright red MM and sudden death are common clinical manifestations of which toxin?

A

Cyanogenic glycosides (cyanide)

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23
Q

What 2 drugs are used in combination when treating cyanide toxicity?

A

Sodium nitrate followed by sodium thiosulfate

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24
Q

Copper toxicity:

1) most susceptible spp.
2) most common type of exposure

A

1) Sheep!

2) chronic dietary exposure

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25
Q

Because copper causes _____ hemolysis, an expected UA finding would be _______

A

intravascular; hemoglobinuria

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26
Q

Since red maples causes _______ damage to RBCs, you would expect _____ _____ anemia

A

Oxidative;

Heinz body

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27
Q

Bracken Fern:

1) Which spp. are susceptible—which is most?
2) toxic principle
3) System(s) affected

A

1) CATTLE* (also sheep & horses)
2) Ptaquiloside
3) Hematologic & Renal

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28
Q

What are the 3 clinical syndromes associated with Bracken Fern?
Which is most common?

A

1) Hemorrhagic disease
2) Enzootic hematuria (MOST COMMON)
3) Neurologic disease

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29
Q

In which spp. does Bracken fern typically cause neuro disease? Why?

A

Horses–can’t synthesize thiamine like ruminants can

*Thiaminases

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30
Q

Sweet clover toxicity MOA?

*include toxic principle in description

A

Dicourmarol inhibits vitamin K epoxide reductase

Decreased synthesis/activity of vit K-dependent factors (2,7,9,10)

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31
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of ABPEE?

A

Rapidly changed to lush forages containing L-tryptophan, which is converted in rumen to 3-methylidole (3-MI)

3-MI absorbed, metabolized by clara cells in lungs–>damage–>difficult to transport O2 across thickened endothelial cells

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32
Q

Perilla Mint:

1) system affected
2) toxic principle

A

1) Respiratory

2) perilla ketone

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33
Q

What spp. of fungus infects sweet potatoes?

A

Fusarium solani

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34
Q

The mold on moldy sweet potatoes causes production of what toxic substance?

A

4-ipomeanol

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35
Q

Name 3 noxious gases that can affect cattle?

A 
Maure gase
Nitrogen Dioxide (silos) 
Zinc oxide (welding)
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36
Q

What two plants are included with Senna spp.? What system do they affect?

A

Coffeeweed
Sicklepod

Musculoskeletal

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37
Q

Which enzymes, associated with muscle, would you expect to be elevated with Senna spp. toxicity? (3)

A

1) CK
2) AST
3) cardiac troponin

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38
Q

Bedding containing the shavings from which plant can be toxic for HORSES?

A

Black walnut (Juglans nigra)

**if >20% black walnut shavings

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39
Q

Alkali disease is an excess of?

A

Selenium

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40
Q

MOA of selenium toxicity?

2 Most common clinical signs?

A

Replaces sulfur in amino acids (glutathione depletion & free radical formation)

Hoof deformities
Loss of tail/mane hairs

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41
Q

Indicator plants can be used for detection of?

A

High Se levels in soil

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42
Q

Which 2 systems can fescue impact?

A

Musculoskeletal

Repro

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43
Q

Fescue:

1) toxic principle?
2) most clinical signs occur due to what effect of fescue?

A

1) Ergot alkaloids

2) vasoconstriction (dry gangrene or extremities & summer slump)

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44
Q

Oleander & Rhododendrons are what type of cardiac toxins?

Yew?

A

Cardiac glycosides

Cardiac alkaloid

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45
Q

Which spp. is most susceptible to ionophore toxicity?

A

Horses

46
Q

Name the muscle preference for ionophores in the following species:

1) horses
2) cattle
3) sheep/swine

A

1) cardiac&raquo_space; skeletal
2) cardiac = skeletal
3) skeletal > cardiac

47
Q

In which cotton products can the toxin (gossypol) be found?

A

whole cottonseed

cottonseed meal

48
Q

Which two systems can be impacted by gossypol?

A

Cardio (monogastrics)

Repro (male ruminants)

49
Q

Myocardial damage
decreased milk production
olive-colored eggs
decreased spermatogenesis

All above signs can be related to?

A

Gossypol

50
Q

Name 4 effects of the cardiac glycosides on the heart

A

1) Blocks Na/K ATPase
2) increased vagal tone
3) increased myocardial contraction
4) decreased coronary artery blood flow (vasoconstriction)

51
Q

For which toxicity would atropine be indicated and why?

A

Oleander–to combat increased vagal tone

52
Q

Toxic principle of Yew? MOA?

A

Taxines

block Na movement through membrane, depressing cardiac conduction

53
Q

The repro effects of fescue are primarily seen in which spp.?

The ergot alkaloids decrease secretion of?

A

Horses

Prolactin

54
Q

When should the mare not graze fescue to avoid clinical signs?

A

First and last 30-45 days of gestation

55
Q

An estrogenic mycotoxin that infects corn?

What spp. of fungus produces it?

A

Zearalenone

Fusarium spp.

56
Q

Which group of animals is most susceptible to Zearalenone? Prominent clinical sign?

A

Pre-pubertal gilts

Vulvar edema

57
Q

Phytoestrogens interact with specific estrogen receptors and are called _____ _____ _______ _______

A

Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs)

58
Q

Toxic principle of locoweed?

As it relates to repro disease

A

Swainsonine

*interferes with glycoproteins

59
Q

In addition to repro, which other system does locoweed PRIMARILY affect?

A

Neuro (locoism)

60
Q

Which signaling pathway does Veratrum disrupt?

A

Sonic hedgehog

61
Q

Cyclopia associated with Veratrum commonly occurs if ingested on day ___ of gestation

A

14

62
Q

Which “syndrome” is associated with lupine intoxication?

A

Crooked calf syndrome (arthrogryposis of forelimbs–elbows)

63
Q

Lupine: where in the plant are toxins highest? Why is this bad?

A

Seed pods

bad because seed pods are palatable!

64
Q

In addition to teratogenic repro effects, Lupine can also affect which other system?

A

Neuro

*nicotinic effects

65
Q

When differentiating poison hemlock from water hemlock, what feature can you use?

A

Where the veins terminate

Water hemlock–veins terminate BETWEEN teeth

Poison hemlock–veins terminate at ends of teeth

66
Q

Ponderosa pine has what effect on which species?

A

Abortion in cattle

67
Q

Describe how ponderosa pine causes abortion

A

Powerful vasoconstrictor of uterine/caruncular vascular bed–> reduced blood–> decreased O2 & nutrient delivery to fetus

68
Q

Why might you see abortions with nitrate toxicity?

A

methemoglobin formation leads to asphyxiation of fetus

69
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of food related ammonia poisoning… include how the presence of liver disease is a risk factor

A

NPN converted to ammonia in rumen via ureases

not enough ketoacids present to combine with all ammonia–>excess ammonia absorbed into circulation

Usually can be detoxified by the liver (liver dz); if not it can travel to brain and impair astrocyte K buffering

70
Q

What two factors make urease more efficient? How does this relate to our treatment of food related ammonia poisoning?

A

1) high rumen pH
2) elevated body temperature

This means that treatment involves lowering pH (acetic acid) and lowering rumen temperature (cold water)

71
Q

Which 2 plants are included in Centauria spp.?

A

Yellow starthistle

Russian knapweed

72
Q

Centauria:

1) system affected
2) main spp. affected
3) general MOA

A

1) neuro
2) horses
3) degeneration of dopaminergic neurons (equine parkinsonism)

73
Q

Name 2 major neurotoxic principles associated with Locoweed

A

1) swainsonine

2) Misertoxin

74
Q

Species most susceptible to locoweed?

A

Horses

75
Q

Which toxin of Locoweed:

1) is associated with behavioral changes (i.e. hyper-reactive to handling)
2) is associated with HL ataxia (cracker heels) & posterior paralysis

A

1) swainsonine

2) miserotoxin

76
Q

What can be used for aversion therapy against locoweed?

A

Single oral dose of lithium chloride

77
Q

Which plants are included in Aesculus spp.?

A 
Buckeye (pointy leaf)
Horse chestnut (round leaf)
78
Q

Toxic principle of Aesculus spp?

A

Triterpenoid saponins

79
Q

Toxin associated with bovine bonker’s syndrome?

Source?

A

4-methyl-imidazole

Ammoniated feeds

80
Q

Name 4 grasses that can be associated with grassland staggers?

A

Perennial rye grass
Dallis grass
Bermuda grass
Annual rye grass

81
Q

toxic principle in grassland staggers? MOA?

A

Tremorgens

impair inhibitory pathways in nervous system (GABA & lysine)

82
Q

Toxic principle of water hemlock? MOA?

A

Cicutoxin

GABA antagonist–prevents influx of Cl–>CNS stimulation and seizures

83
Q

Toxic principle of white snake root? MOA?

A

Tremetol–inhibits TCA cycle

84
Q

A horse that’s BAR, shows ataxia of only the hindlimbs, and also dribbles urine could be suspected of grazing on?

A

Sorghum

85
Q

Larkspur toxic principle & MOA?

A

Polycyclic diterpene alkaloids

neuromuscular blocking agent at cholinergic and nicotinic receptors

86
Q

Which toxic principle of Jimson weed (nightshade) causes neuro signs?

A

Tropane alkaloids

*non-depolarizing muscarinic blockers

87
Q

Briefly describe Physostigmine’s MOA as it relates to treatment of toxicities that block cholinergic receptors

A

competitively inhibits cholinesterase–>ACh builds in synapse to compete with toxic compounds

88
Q

Toxic principle of poison hemlock? Which 2 systems does it affect?

A

Piperidine alkaloids

Repro & neuro

89
Q

Lupine MOA?

A

mimics ACh at sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia

90
Q

Photosensitization secondary to liver dz is associated with which compound in the skin?

A

Phylloerythrin

91
Q

Cocklebur (Xanthium):

1) system affected
2) spp. affected

A

1) hepatic

2) swine&raquo_space; cattle, sheep > horses

92
Q

In addition to clinical signs, what clinc path findings would correlate with Xanthium toxicity?

A

severe hypoglycemia
elevated liver enzymes
decreased electrolytes (normal kidneys)

93
Q

Which 2 plant spp. are associated with PA toxicity?

A

Ragwort-groundsel

Crotalaria

94
Q

Blue-green algae is associated with stagnant ponds high in ____

A

phosphorus

95
Q

Blue-green algae MOA?

A

inhibits cytoskeleton intermediate filaments–>intrahepatic hemorrhage and necrosis

96
Q

Sneezeweed:

1) system affected
2) susceptible spp.

A

1) Hepatic

2) sheep, goats > cattle, horses

97
Q

Bitterweed

1) system affected
2) susceptible spp.

A

1) hepatic

2) sheep, goats >cattle, horses

98
Q

Kochia

1) system
2) susceptible spp.

A

1) hepatic

2) ruminants

99
Q

Which hepatotoxic plant is associated with birefringent crystals in bile ducts?

A

Panic grasses

100
Q

Which hepatotoxin primarily affects HORSES (find it palatable)

A

Alsike clover

101
Q

Vetch:

1) system affected
2) susceptible spp.

A

1) dermal

2) cattle

102
Q

Toxic principle of St. Johnswort?

A

Hypericin (fluorescent pigment)

103
Q

Which dermal toxin is associated with hyper-reactivity to cold water?

A

St. Johns wort (Hypericum)

104
Q

Cestrum diurnum:

1) system affected
2) susceptible spp.

A

1) Urinary

2) cattle & horses

105
Q

Cestrum diurnum mimics what other toxicosis?

A

Vitamin D intoxication

*acts like free vitamin D

106
Q

Name 4 plants that contain soluble oxalates

A

1) beets
2) Curly dock
3) Lamb’s Quarter
4) Rhubarb

107
Q

Soluble oxalate MOA?

A

combine with serum Ca to form insoluble Ca-oxalates that block renal tubules

108
Q

Clinical pathologic changes expected with soluble oxalate toxicity?

A

Hypocalcemia
Hyperkalemia
Elevated BUN

109
Q

Toxic principle of Halogeton?

A

Na & K oxalates

110
Q

Though primarily hematologic, pigweed may also affect?

A

Renal (contains oxalates)

Toxicology (5 decks)

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