Exam 1--LA Toxins Flashcards by Kelly Whippo

Blister beetles are associated with which type of feed stuff & what toxin do they release?

Alfalfa Hay

Cantharidin

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In addition to GI effects in horses, what other system might appear compromised with blister beetle toxicity and why?

Renal–cantharidin is excreted in urine

*dysuria, nephrosis, cystitis

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Buttercups:

1) which system do they affect
2) which spp?

1) GI

2) livestock

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Pokeweed:

1) system affected?
2) toxic principle?

1) GI

2) Saponin

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Quercus can cause toxic effects in which systems?

What are 2 characteristic clinical signs?

GI
Renal

Bloody or dark diarrhea with acute renal failure

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Which 2 plants can cause both GI and neuro signs?

Chinaberry

Nightshades (Jimson weed is neuro)

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Toxic principle for chinaberry?

Tetranortriterpenoids

*Tetra-nor-tri-terpenoids

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What are the 3 toxic principles found in nightshades & general effect of each?

1) Solanine (GI & neuro toxic)
2) Tropane alkaloids (anticholinergic)
3) Nicotine (cholinergic)

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MOA of toxalbumins?
Which part of plant is typically toxic?
Which spp. most affected?

1) inhibition of protein synthesis (ribosomal inhibiton)
2) SEEDS (intact seed= not absorbed)
3) HORSES

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Violent purging (bloody diarrhea with straining) along with other GI signs would be suggestive of?

Toxalbumin toxicity (i.e. Castor beans)

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Toxic principle in castor beans? It’s MOA?

Ricin–inhibits 60s ribosomal subunit

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Toxic principle of Rhododendron spp. and its MOA?

Grayanotoxin

Increases membrane permeability to Na

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In addition to vomiting in goats (GI), which other system can rhododendrons affect?

Cardio

*can lead to fatal bradycardia

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A unique treatment option for animals that have eaten persimmons?

Carbonated cola

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Describe where nitrates are located in the plant and what can cause it to accumulate?

Bottom 1/3 of stalk (grains and leaves are less toxic)

accumulates in stressful conditions–plants stops growing and metabolizing it

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Which spp. is most susceptible to nitrates and why?

Describe nitrate MOA

Ruminants (convert it to nitrite in rumen)

*Nitritie oxidizes hemoglobin to methemoglobin, which cannot bind O2

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T/F: finding blue/brown MM in a cow can confirm nitrate toxicity

FALSE

**brown MM only SUGGESTIVE

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Nitrates:

1) what sample is taken to measure for nitrate/nitrite levels?

Plasma

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2 treatment options for nitrate/nitrite

Methylene blue (converts MetHgb–>Hgb)

Rumen lavage with cold water (slows microbial activity=less nitrite produced)

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Name 2 plants that can accumulate nitrates?

Pigweed

Johnson grass

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Wild black cherry & choke cherry impact which system?

Toxic principle?

Hematologic;

Prussic acid (cyanide)

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Bright red MM and sudden death are common clinical manifestations of which toxin?

Cyanogenic glycosides (cyanide)

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What 2 drugs are used in combination when treating cyanide toxicity?

Sodium nitrate followed by sodium thiosulfate

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Copper toxicity:

1) most susceptible spp.
2) most common type of exposure

1) Sheep!

2) chronic dietary exposure

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Because copper causes _____ hemolysis, an expected UA finding would be _______

intravascular; hemoglobinuria

Since red maples causes _______ damage to RBCs, you would expect _____ _____ anemia

Oxidative; Heinz body

Bracken Fern: 1) Which spp. are susceptible---which is most? 2) toxic principle 3) System(s) affected

1) CATTLE* (also sheep & horses) 2) Ptaquiloside 3) Hematologic & Renal

What are the 3 clinical syndromes associated with Bracken Fern? Which is most common?

1) Hemorrhagic disease 2) Enzootic hematuria (MOST COMMON) 3) Neurologic disease

In which spp. does Bracken fern typically cause neuro disease? Why?

Horses--can't synthesize thiamine like ruminants can *Thiaminases

Sweet clover toxicity MOA? | *include toxic principle in description

Dicourmarol inhibits vitamin K epoxide reductase Decreased synthesis/activity of vit K-dependent factors (2,7,9,10)

Describe the pathogenesis of ABPEE?

Rapidly changed to lush forages containing L-tryptophan, which is converted in rumen to 3-methylidole (3-MI) 3-MI absorbed, metabolized by clara cells in lungs-->damage-->difficult to transport O2 across thickened endothelial cells

Perilla Mint: 1) system affected 2) toxic principle

1) Respiratory | 2) perilla ketone

What spp. of fungus infects sweet potatoes?

Fusarium solani

The mold on moldy sweet potatoes causes production of what toxic substance?

4-ipomeanol

Name 3 noxious gases that can affect cattle?

``` Maure gase Nitrogen Dioxide (silos) Zinc oxide (welding) ```

What two plants are included with Senna spp.? What system do they affect?

Coffeeweed Sicklepod Musculoskeletal

Which enzymes, associated with muscle, would you expect to be elevated with Senna spp. toxicity? (3)

1) CK 2) AST 3) cardiac troponin

Bedding containing the shavings from which plant can be toxic for HORSES?

Black walnut (Juglans nigra) **if >20% black walnut shavings

Alkali disease is an excess of?

Selenium

MOA of selenium toxicity? 2 Most common clinical signs?

Replaces sulfur in amino acids (glutathione depletion & free radical formation) Hoof deformities Loss of tail/mane hairs

Indicator plants can be used for detection of?

High Se levels in soil

Which 2 systems can fescue impact?

Musculoskeletal | Repro

Fescue: 1) toxic principle? 2) most clinical signs occur due to what effect of fescue?

1) Ergot alkaloids | 2) vasoconstriction (dry gangrene or extremities & summer slump)

Oleander & Rhododendrons are what type of cardiac toxins? Yew?

Cardiac glycosides Cardiac alkaloid

Which spp. is most susceptible to ionophore toxicity?

Horses

Name the muscle preference for ionophores in the following species: 1) horses 2) cattle 3) sheep/swine

1) cardiac >> skeletal 2) cardiac = skeletal 3) skeletal > cardiac

In which cotton products can the toxin (gossypol) be found?

whole cottonseed | cottonseed meal

Which two systems can be impacted by gossypol?

Cardio (monogastrics) | Repro (male ruminants)

Myocardial damage decreased milk production olive-colored eggs decreased spermatogenesis All above signs can be related to?

Gossypol

Name 4 effects of the cardiac glycosides on the heart

1) Blocks Na/K ATPase 2) increased vagal tone 3) increased myocardial contraction 4) decreased coronary artery blood flow (vasoconstriction)

For which toxicity would atropine be indicated and why?

Oleander--to combat increased vagal tone

Toxic principle of Yew? MOA?

Taxines block Na movement through membrane, depressing cardiac conduction

The repro effects of fescue are primarily seen in which spp.? The ergot alkaloids decrease secretion of?

Horses Prolactin

When should the mare not graze fescue to avoid clinical signs?

First and last 30-45 days of gestation

An estrogenic mycotoxin that infects corn? | What spp. of fungus produces it?

Zearalenone Fusarium spp.

Which group of animals is most susceptible to Zearalenone? Prominent clinical sign?

Pre-pubertal gilts Vulvar edema

Phytoestrogens interact with specific estrogen receptors and are called _____ _____ _______ _______

Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs)

Toxic principle of locoweed? | As it relates to repro disease

Swainsonine *interferes with glycoproteins

In addition to repro, which other system does locoweed PRIMARILY affect?

Neuro (locoism)

Which signaling pathway does Veratrum disrupt?

Sonic hedgehog

Cyclopia associated with Veratrum commonly occurs if ingested on day ___ of gestation

Which "syndrome" is associated with lupine intoxication?

Crooked calf syndrome (arthrogryposis of forelimbs--elbows)

Lupine: where in the plant are toxins highest? Why is this bad?

Seed pods bad because seed pods are palatable!

In addition to teratogenic repro effects, Lupine can also affect which other system?

Neuro *nicotinic effects

When differentiating poison hemlock from water hemlock, what feature can you use?

Where the veins terminate Water hemlock--veins terminate BETWEEN teeth Poison hemlock--veins terminate at ends of teeth

Ponderosa pine has what effect on which species?

Abortion in cattle

Describe how ponderosa pine causes abortion

Powerful vasoconstrictor of uterine/caruncular vascular bed--> reduced blood--> decreased O2 & nutrient delivery to fetus

Why might you see abortions with nitrate toxicity?

methemoglobin formation leads to asphyxiation of fetus

Describe the pathogenesis of food related ammonia poisoning... include how the presence of liver disease is a risk factor

NPN converted to ammonia in rumen via ureases not enough ketoacids present to combine with all ammonia-->excess ammonia absorbed into circulation Usually can be detoxified by the liver (liver dz); if not it can travel to brain and impair astrocyte K buffering

What two factors make urease more efficient? How does this relate to our treatment of food related ammonia poisoning?

1) high rumen pH 2) elevated body temperature This means that treatment involves lowering pH (acetic acid) and lowering rumen temperature (cold water)

Which 2 plants are included in Centauria spp.?

Yellow starthistle Russian knapweed

Centauria: 1) system affected 2) main spp. affected 3) general MOA

1) neuro 2) horses 3) degeneration of dopaminergic neurons (equine parkinsonism)

Name 2 major neurotoxic principles associated with Locoweed

1) swainsonine | 2) Misertoxin

Species most susceptible to locoweed?

Horses

Which toxin of Locoweed: 1) is associated with behavioral changes (i.e. hyper-reactive to handling) 2) is associated with HL ataxia (cracker heels) & posterior paralysis

1) swainsonine | 2) miserotoxin

What can be used for aversion therapy against locoweed?

Single oral dose of lithium chloride

Which plants are included in Aesculus spp.?

``` Buckeye (pointy leaf) Horse chestnut (round leaf) ```

Toxic principle of Aesculus spp?

Triterpenoid saponins

Toxin associated with bovine bonker's syndrome? | Source?

4-methyl-imidazole Ammoniated feeds

Name 4 grasses that can be associated with grassland staggers?

Perennial rye grass Dallis grass Bermuda grass Annual rye grass

toxic principle in grassland staggers? MOA?

Tremorgens impair inhibitory pathways in nervous system (GABA & lysine)

Toxic principle of water hemlock? MOA?

Cicutoxin GABA antagonist--prevents influx of Cl-->CNS stimulation and seizures

Toxic principle of white snake root? MOA?

Tremetol--inhibits TCA cycle

A horse that's BAR, shows ataxia of only the hindlimbs, and also dribbles urine could be suspected of grazing on?

Sorghum

Larkspur toxic principle & MOA?

Polycyclic diterpene alkaloids neuromuscular blocking agent at cholinergic and nicotinic receptors

Which toxic principle of Jimson weed (nightshade) causes neuro signs?

Tropane alkaloids *non-depolarizing muscarinic blockers

Briefly describe Physostigmine's MOA as it relates to treatment of toxicities that block cholinergic receptors

competitively inhibits cholinesterase-->ACh builds in synapse to compete with toxic compounds

Toxic principle of poison hemlock? Which 2 systems does it affect?

Piperidine alkaloids Repro & neuro

Lupine MOA?

mimics ACh at sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia

Photosensitization secondary to liver dz is associated with which compound in the skin?

Phylloerythrin

Cocklebur (Xanthium): 1) system affected 2) spp. affected

1) hepatic | 2) swine >> cattle, sheep > horses

In addition to clinical signs, what clinc path findings would correlate with Xanthium toxicity?

severe hypoglycemia elevated liver enzymes decreased electrolytes (normal kidneys)

Which 2 plant spp. are associated with PA toxicity?

Ragwort-groundsel | Crotalaria

Blue-green algae is associated with stagnant ponds high in ____

phosphorus

Blue-green algae MOA?

inhibits cytoskeleton intermediate filaments-->intrahepatic hemorrhage and necrosis

Sneezeweed: 1) system affected 2) susceptible spp.

1) Hepatic | 2) sheep, goats > cattle, horses

Bitterweed 1) system affected 2) susceptible spp.

1) hepatic | 2) sheep, goats >cattle, horses

Kochia 1) system 2) susceptible spp.

1) hepatic | 2) ruminants

Which hepatotoxic plant is associated with birefringent crystals in bile ducts?

Panic grasses

Which hepatotoxin primarily affects HORSES (find it palatable)

Alsike clover

Vetch: 1) system affected 2) susceptible spp.

1) dermal | 2) cattle

Toxic principle of St. Johnswort?

Hypericin (fluorescent pigment)

Which dermal toxin is associated with hyper-reactivity to cold water?

St. Johns wort (Hypericum)

Cestrum diurnum: 1) system affected 2) susceptible spp.

1) Urinary | 2) cattle & horses

Cestrum diurnum mimics what other toxicosis?

Vitamin D intoxication *acts like free vitamin D

Name 4 plants that contain soluble oxalates

1) beets 2) Curly dock 3) Lamb's Quarter 4) Rhubarb

Soluble oxalate MOA?

combine with serum Ca to form insoluble Ca-oxalates that block renal tubules

Clinical pathologic changes expected with soluble oxalate toxicity?

Hypocalcemia Hyperkalemia Elevated BUN

Toxic principle of Halogeton?

Na & K oxalates

Though primarily hematologic, pigweed may also affect?

Renal (contains oxalates)