Exam 1 Kines Skeletal

Question 1

Functions of the skeleton

Answer 1

provide support
muscle attachment (movement)–prevent movement
protection
creates an intricate network of levers:
fulcrum (joint which allows something to pivot/rotate) :the joints
bar-like body: the bones
forces: the muscles/ resistance

Question 2

axial skeleton

Answer 2

skull, vertebrae, ribs (top part of skeleton) (74)

Question 3

appendicular

Answer 3

extremities, shoulder girdle, and pelvis–arms, shoulder blades, legs, etc. (126)
**clavicle included

Question 4

long bone function

Answer 4

movement

**long shaft with relatively broad knobby ends

Question 5

short bone function

Answer 5

transfer/absorb force

**small chunky and solid

Question 6

flat bone function

Answer 6

protection

**flat and plate like

Question 7

sesamoid bone function

Answer 7

pulley

**bones of spinal column

Question 8

irregular bone function

Answer 8

all others

Question 9

long bone

Answer 9

shaft or body with a medullary canal, and relative broad, knobby ends

Question 10

short bone

Answer 10

relatively small, chunky, solid

Question 11

flat bone

Answer 11

flat and plate like

Question 12

irregular bone

Answer 12

bones of spinal column

Question 13

sesamoid

Answer 13

encased in tendon

Question 14

ex. of long bones

Answer 14

ulna, femur, radius, metacarpals, phalanges, etc.

Question 15

ex. of short bones

Answer 15

carpals, tarsals, talus etc.

Question 16

ex. of irregular bone

Answer 16

vertebra

Question 17

ex. of flat bone

Answer 17

scapula, sternum, pelvis, etc

Question 18

ex. of sesamoid bone

Answer 18

patella

Question 19

bone properties

Answer 19

living tissue 
osteoblasts: cells that build bone 
osteoclasts: cells that absorb bones 
60-70% of bone dry weight: calcium 
25-30% of bone total weight: water 

**aging causes progressive loss of collagen & increases brittleness

Question 20

cortical/compact bone

Answer 20

dense, low porosity

5 to 30% nonmineralized tissue (other then calcium)

Question 21

cancellous/trabecular/spongy bone

Answer 21

less dense, high porosity
30-90% nonmineralized tissue
**most outer bone is cortical with cancellous underneath

Question 22

mechanical axis

Answer 22

a straight line that connects the midpoint of the joint at one end of a bone with the midpoint of the joint at the other end
the axis may lie outside of the shaft
**see diagram

Question 23

joint classifications

Answer 23

synarthrodial
amphiarthrodial
diathrodial

Question 24

Synarthrodial

Answer 24

Immovable joints, suture such as skull suture, gomophosis such as teeth fitting into mandible or maxilla (between the bones of the skull)

Question 25

Amphiarthrodial

Answer 25

Slightly movable joints, allow a slight amount of motion to occur

• -ankle
• -sternum (breathing)
• -pelvic bone
• -ribs

Question 26

Diathrodial

Answer 26

freely moveable joints
structurally synovial joints, composed of sleevelike joint capsules, secretes synovial fluid to lubricate joint cavity
**motion in 1 plane-1 degree of freedom (elbow) uniaxial
**motion in 2 planes-2 degrees of freedom ( finger) biaxial
**motion in 3 planes-3 degrees of freedom (hip, shoulder) triaxial

Question 27

superior

Answer 27

cranial (head)

Question 28

inferior

Answer 28

caudal (tail fin)

Question 29

anterior

Answer 29

ventral (v-visura)–gut

Question 30

posterior

Answer 30

dorsal (fish)

Question 31

distal

Answer 31

towards didgets (fingers & toes)

Question 32

proximal

Answer 32

towards shoulder girdle and towards the pelvis

Question 33

extremities

Answer 33

proximal/distal

Question 34

core of the body

Answer 34

inferior/superior

Question 35

anatomical position

Answer 35

hands out

Question 36

fundamental position

Answer 36

hands at side

Question 37

superficial

Answer 37

on the exterior

Question 38

deep

Answer 38

work through layers

Question 39

ipsilateral

Answer 39

same side of body

Question 40

contralateral

Answer 40

different sides of body

Question 41

unilateral

Answer 41

single limb (throwing)

Question 42

bilateral

Answer 42

two limbs (soccer throw in etc)

Question 43

prone

Answer 43

face down (push-ups)

Question 44

supine

Answer 44

face up (sit-ups) 
**holding soup

Question 45

volar

Answer 45

palm side of hand (bottom of foot)

Question 46

diaphysis

Answer 46

long cylindrical shaft of the bone

Question 47

epiphysis

Answer 47

ends of long bones

Question 48

epiphyseal plate

Answer 48

growth plate

Question 49

articular (hyaline) cartilage

Answer 49

covers the epiphysis to provide cushioning effect and reduce friction

Question 50

cortex

Answer 50

hard, dense compact bone forming walls of the diaphysis

Question 51

periosteum

Answer 51

dense, fibrous membrane covering outer surface of diaphysis

Question 52

endosteum

Answer 52

fibrous membrane that lines the inside of the cortex

Question 53

medullary (marrow) cavity

Answer 53

inside disphysis containing yellow or fatty marrow–fatty tissue

Question 54

diarthrodial (gliding) joints

Answer 54

2 plane or flat bony surfaces which butt against each other
little motion possible in any 1 joint articulation
usually work together in a series of articulations
**joints between the carpals
**the things on the sides of the vertabre

Question 55

diarthrodial (hinge) joints

Answer 55

a uniaxial articulation
articular surfaces allow motion in only one plane
**elbow