Exam 1 Kines Skeletal Flashcards
Functions of the skeleton
provide support
muscle attachment (movement)–prevent movement
protection
creates an intricate network of levers:
fulcrum (joint which allows something to pivot/rotate) :the joints
bar-like body: the bones
forces: the muscles/ resistance
axial skeleton
skull, vertebrae, ribs (top part of skeleton) (74)
appendicular
extremities, shoulder girdle, and pelvis–arms, shoulder blades, legs, etc. (126)
**clavicle included
long bone function
movement
**long shaft with relatively broad knobby ends
short bone function
transfer/absorb force
**small chunky and solid
flat bone function
protection
**flat and plate like
sesamoid bone function
pulley
**bones of spinal column
irregular bone function
all others
long bone
shaft or body with a medullary canal, and relative broad, knobby ends
short bone
relatively small, chunky, solid
flat bone
flat and plate like
irregular bone
bones of spinal column
sesamoid
encased in tendon
ex. of long bones
ulna, femur, radius, metacarpals, phalanges, etc.
ex. of short bones
carpals, tarsals, talus etc.
ex. of irregular bone
vertebra
ex. of flat bone
scapula, sternum, pelvis, etc
ex. of sesamoid bone
patella
bone properties
living tissue osteoblasts: cells that build bone osteoclasts: cells that absorb bones 60-70% of bone dry weight: calcium 25-30% of bone total weight: water
**aging causes progressive loss of collagen & increases brittleness
cortical/compact bone
dense, low porosity
5 to 30% nonmineralized tissue (other then calcium)
cancellous/trabecular/spongy bone
less dense, high porosity
30-90% nonmineralized tissue
**most outer bone is cortical with cancellous underneath
mechanical axis
a straight line that connects the midpoint of the joint at one end of a bone with the midpoint of the joint at the other end
the axis may lie outside of the shaft
**see diagram
joint classifications
synarthrodial
amphiarthrodial
diathrodial
Synarthrodial
Immovable joints, suture such as skull suture, gomophosis such as teeth fitting into mandible or maxilla (between the bones of the skull)
Amphiarthrodial
Slightly movable joints, allow a slight amount of motion to occur
- -ankle
- -sternum (breathing)
- -pelvic bone
- -ribs
Diathrodial
freely moveable joints
structurally synovial joints, composed of sleevelike joint capsules, secretes synovial fluid to lubricate joint cavity
**motion in 1 plane-1 degree of freedom (elbow) uniaxial
**motion in 2 planes-2 degrees of freedom ( finger) biaxial
**motion in 3 planes-3 degrees of freedom (hip, shoulder) triaxial
superior
cranial (head)
inferior
caudal (tail fin)
anterior
ventral (v-visura)–gut
posterior
dorsal (fish)
distal
towards didgets (fingers & toes)
proximal
towards shoulder girdle and towards the pelvis
extremities
proximal/distal
core of the body
inferior/superior
anatomical position
hands out
fundamental position
hands at side
superficial
on the exterior
deep
work through layers
ipsilateral
same side of body
contralateral
different sides of body
unilateral
single limb (throwing)
bilateral
two limbs (soccer throw in etc)
prone
face down (push-ups)
supine
face up (sit-ups) **holding soup
volar
palm side of hand (bottom of foot)
diaphysis
long cylindrical shaft of the bone
epiphysis
ends of long bones
epiphyseal plate
growth plate
articular (hyaline) cartilage
covers the epiphysis to provide cushioning effect and reduce friction
cortex
hard, dense compact bone forming walls of the diaphysis
periosteum
dense, fibrous membrane covering outer surface of diaphysis
endosteum
fibrous membrane that lines the inside of the cortex
medullary (marrow) cavity
inside disphysis containing yellow or fatty marrow–fatty tissue
diarthrodial (gliding) joints
2 plane or flat bony surfaces which butt against each other
little motion possible in any 1 joint articulation
usually work together in a series of articulations
**joints between the carpals
**the things on the sides of the vertabre
diarthrodial (hinge) joints
a uniaxial articulation
articular surfaces allow motion in only one plane
**elbow
