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ANTH-11-01 > Exam 1 Key Terms > Flashcards

Exam 1 Key Terms Flashcards

1
Q

absolute/relative dating

A

dating the fossil itself, examples include carbon and potassium argon dating

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2
Q

acheulian tools

A

sophisticated tools

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3
Q

archaeology

A

the investigation of the human past by means of excavating and analyzing artifacts.

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4
Q

archaic homo sapiens

A

fall between homo Erectus and modern Homo sapiens, example: Neanderthals

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5
Q

armchair anthropology

A

relied on the written accounts and opinions of others, made observations from there, no fieldwork done by them

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6
Q

australopithecus

A

Full bipedalism, larger brain, Lucy’s species, used oldowan (simple) tools

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7
Q

B. Malinowski

A
  • polish man, became a leader in british anthropology
  • proposed new set of guidelines for conducting fieldwork
  • urged anthropologists to get involved and learn language, stay in the place of observation, participate in community
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8
Q

biological anthropology

A

the study of humans from a biological perspective, particularly how they have evolved over time and adapted to their environments

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9
Q

C. Geertz

A
  • key figure in the interpretivist approach
    • seeing cultures primarily as a symbolic system of deep meaning
  • suggested everything, even when simple, has a supposed different meaning
  • thick description
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10
Q

code switching

A

switching back and forth between one linguistic variant and another depending on the cultural context

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11
Q

components of culture

A

○ Cognitive processes: mental maps
○ Behaviors: habits, biological processes, language
○ Material creations: tools, art, The Federalist Papers
§ Artifacts
§ Features
(Caroline Boehmer makes aggressive faces)

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12
Q

cultural knowledge

A

you know about some cultural characteristics, history, values, beliefs, and behaviors of another ethnic or cultural group

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13
Q

cultural relativism

A

understanding a group’s beliefs and practices within their own cultural context, without making judgments

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14
Q

culture

A

a system of knowledge, beliefs, patterns of behavior, artifacts, and institutions that are created, learned, shared, and contested by a group of people

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15
Q

culture shock

A

feelings of uncertainty, confusion, or anxiety that people may experience when moving to a new country or surroundings

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16
Q

descriptive linguistics

A

a branch of linguistics that studies how languages are structured

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17
Q

displacement

A

the ability to use words to refer to objects not immediately present or events happening in the past or future

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18
Q

emic

A

insider perspective, description of local behavior and beliefs from the anthropologists perspective in ways that can be compared across cultures
(me, I, insider perspective)

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19
Q

enculturation

A

the process of learning culture

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20
Q

engaged anthropology

A

applying the research strategies and analytical perspectives of anthropology to address concrete challenges facing local communities and the world at large

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21
Q

ethnocentrism

A

the belief that one’s own culture or way of life is normal, natural, or even superior, and the tendency to use ones own culture to evaluate and judge the cultural ideas and practices of others

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22
Q

ethnography

A

the description of the customs of individual peoples and cultures

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23
Q

ethnology

A

the analysis and comparison of ethnographic data across cultures

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24
Q

etic

A

outsider perspective, an approach to gathering data that investigates how local people think and how they understand the world

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25
Q

F. Boas

A
  • father of american anthropology
  • developed a four-field approach
  • An early advocate for the professionalization of anthropology
  • historical particularism
  • His interest in anthropology was fostered by his early work among Native American groups
  • He advocated for “salvage ethnography”
    • the recording of the practices and folklore of cultures threatened with extinction, including as a result of modernization
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26
Q

flexible accumulation

A

the flexible strategies that corporations use to accumulate profits in an era of globalization, enabled by innovative communication and transportation technologies

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27
Q

focal vocabulary

A

a specialized set of terms and distinctions that is particularly important to a certain group

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28
Q

forensic anthropologist

A

gather information from the bones and their recovery context to determine who died, how they died, and how long ago they died

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29
Q

fossils

A

the remains of an organism that have been fully preserved through a natural process that turns them partially or wholly into a rock

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30
Q

four principal traits that differentiate humans from other animals

A
  1. Bipedalism: walking on two feet instead of four
  2. Expanded brain capacity and complexity
  3. The use of complex cultural systems (both material and social. This also includes language)
  4. Global migration
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31
Q

functionalists/structural functionalism

A

a conceptual framework positing that each element of society serves a particular function to keep the entire system at equilibrium

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32
Q

hegemony

A

the ability of a dominant group to create consent and agreement within a population without the use or threat of force

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33
Q

heterogenous culture

A

Cultural groups that shares only a few components, typical of large societies such as states, where there are many subcultures such as ethnic groups

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34
Q

historic archaeology

A

the exploration of the more recent past through an examination of physical remains as well as written or oral records

35
Q

historical linguistics

A

the study of how language changes over time within a culture and how languages travel across cultures

36
Q

historical particularism

A

the idea, attributed to Franz Boas, that cultures develop in specific ways because of their unique histories

37
Q

holism

A

the anthropological commitment to look at the whole picture of human life - culture, biology, history, and language - across space and time

38
Q

homo erectus

A

1.8 million years ago, the brain of homo erectus was almost double in size that of homo habilis, used acheulian (sophisticated) tools, used fire, possibly had a language

39
Q

homo habilis

A

“handy man,” used stone tools,

40
Q

homo naledi

A

335,000-236,000 years ago, discovered in Rising Star Cave, South Africa, similar to early home and Australopithecus, spent part of life in trees, may have practiced funerary rites

41
Q

homo sapiens

A

archaic and modern, modern emerging around 200k before present, coexisted with archaic Homo sapiens

42
Q

homogeneous culture

A

cultural groups that shared most ideas, values, knowledge, behaviors, and artifacts (small cultural groups often share this)

43
Q

human agency

A

the potential power of individuals and groups to contest cultural norms, values, mental maps of reality, symbols, institutions, and structures of power

44
Q

ideal culture vs. real culture

A

ideal: what people believe they “should” do
real: what people actually do

45
Q

informant/interlocutor

A

someone who provides information

46
Q

informed consent

A

a key strategy for protecting those being studied by ensuring that they are fully informed of the goals of the project and have clearly indicated their consent to participate

47
Q

kinesics

A

the study of the relationship between body movements and communication

48
Q

language continuum

A

the idea that variation in languages appear gradually over distance so that groups of people who live near one another speak in a way that is mutually intelligible

49
Q

linguistics

A

the study of language and its structure

50
Q

M. Mead

A
  • a student of Boas
  • emphasized the powerful role of culture, shaping human life
  • Study “Coming of Age of Samoa”
    □ In Samoa women did not experience challenging time of adolescence, unlike in American young women
    □ American reactions are deeply cultural
    □ Because of this study, Mead had a strong impact on the Women’s Rights movement in the U.S.
  • nature v nurture
51
Q

monstrous races

A

europeans exaggerated features of native populations (such as one large foot and bird’s heads) so that people would remain interested in their “research” and they would keep getting funded

52
Q

morpheme

A

the smallest units of sound that carry meaning on their own (pig, big)

53
Q

morphology

A

the study of patterns and rules of how sounds combine to make morphemes

54
Q

multi-sited ethnography

A

conducting fieldwork in more than one place in order to reveal the linkages between communities created by migration, production, or communication

55
Q

multiregional theory

A

suggests that interbreeding throughout archaic homo sapiens gradually brought about the evolution

56
Q

mutation/mutagen

A

Any agent that increases the frequency or extent of mutations (x-rays or toxic chemicals)

57
Q

Nancy Scheper Hughes

A
  • a professor of cultural anthropology
  • participates in ethnographic fieldwork
  • attempts to understand the lives of women and children in a Brazilian shantytown
58
Q

natural selection

A

the process through which populations of living organisms adapt and change

59
Q

nature v nurture

A

nature: genetics
nurture: environment and experience

60
Q

oldowan tools

A

simple tools such as stones that are chipped

61
Q

“out of africa” theory

A

Modern homo sapiens developed in Africa, then spread out and replaced Neanderthal

62
Q

paleoanthropology

A

the study of the history of human evolution through the fossil record

63
Q

paralanguage

A

the study of the variety of sounds that accompany language (laughing, crying, etc)

64
Q

participant observation

A

a key anthropological research strategy involving both participation in and observations of the daily life of the people being studied

65
Q

phoneme

A

the smallest units of sound that can make a difference in meaning

66
Q

phonology

A

the study of what sounds exist and which ones are important in a particular language

67
Q

polyvocality

A

the use of many voices in ethnographic writing - allows the reader to hear directly from the people in the study and, by bringing their stories to life, makes them more vibrant and available to the reader

68
Q

pre-australopithecus

A

Intermediate between humans and apes, findings Ethiopia and Chad, environmental change (forest to savannah), beginnings of bipedalism (evidence: foramen magnum)

69
Q

prehistoric archaeology

A

the reconstruction of human behavior in the distant past through the examination of artifacts

70
Q

prestige language

A

a particular language variation or way of speaking that is associated with wealth, success, education, and power

71
Q

primates

A

humans share a common ancestor with these, for example: chimps, apes, and monkeys

72
Q

primatology

A

the study of living nonhuman primates as well as primate fossils to better understand human evolution and early human behavior

73
Q

productivity

A

use of known words to invent new word combinations

74
Q

reflexivity

A

self reflection on the experience of doing fieldwork

75
Q

salvage ethongraphy

A

fieldwork strategy developed by Franz Boas to collect cultural, material, linguistic, and biological information about Native American populations being devastated by the westward expansion of European settlers
- the recording of the practices and folklore of cultures threatened with extinction, including as a result of modernization

76
Q

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

A

the idea that different languages create different ways of thinking

77
Q

sociolinguistics

A

the study of language in its social and cultural contexts

78
Q

stratification

A

the uneven distribution of resources and privileges among participants in a group or culture

79
Q

stratigraphy

A

the branch of geology concerned with the order and relative position of strata and their relationship to the geological time scale

80
Q

synchronic approach

A

the study of language at one given point in time

81
Q

syntax

A

the specific patterns and rules for combining morphemes to construct phrases and sentences

82
Q

time-space compression

A

the rapid innovation of communication and transportation technologies associated with globalization that transforms the way people think about space and time

83
Q

unilineal evolution

A

the theory proposed by nineteenth century anthropologists that all cultures naturally evolve through the same sequence of stages from simple to complex

84
Q

“zeros”

A

the elements of a story or a picture that are not told or seen and yet offer key insights into issues that might be too sensitive to discuss or display publicly

ANTH-11-01 (3 decks)

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