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Biology Of Psychologal Disorders > Exam 1 Notes > Flashcards

Exam 1 Notes Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Are vesicles and mitochondria transported quickly or slowly?

A

Quickly

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2
Q

What are other examples of quickly transported things?

A
  • fast transport motor
  • amino acid decarboxylase
  • tryptophan hydroxylase
  • monoamine oxidase
  • synaptic vesicles
  • serotonin
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3
Q

What type of neuron does this describe?

Dendrite and axon emerging from the same process

A

unipolar or pseudounipolar

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4
Q

What type of neuron does this describe?

Single axon and single dendrite on opposite ends of the soma

A

Bipolar

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5
Q

If a neuron has more than two dendrites, it is considered to be?

A

multipolar

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6
Q

Golgi I and Golgi II are both types of multipolar neurons. Which one involves neurons with long-projecting axonal processes?

A

Golgi I

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7
Q

Golgi I and Golgi II are both types of multipolar neurons. Which one involves neurons whose axonal process projects locally?

A

Golgi II

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8
Q

What do modulatory neurons do?

A

they modify synaptic transmission

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9
Q

What are two examples of modulatory neurons?

A
  • dopamine
  • serotonin
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10
Q

True or False:

Afferent neurons are associated with motor neurons and Efferent neurons are associates with sensory neurons

A

FALSE

Afferent = Sensory
Efferent = Motor

*Think of the acronym SAME

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11
Q

Do afferent neurons receive info or send it out?

A

receive

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12
Q

What are interneurons?

A

they connect neurons within specific regions of the central nervous system

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13
Q

What type of connective neuron is also involved in reflexes?

A

interneurons

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14
Q

At what location are ribosomes made and where DNA lives?

A

the nucleus

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15
Q

True or False

There are proteins in axons

A

FALSE

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16
Q

Where are proteins synthesized?

A

The soma

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17
Q

Anterograde transport involves sending information from the _____ to the ________

A

soma, terminal

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18
Q

Retrograde transport involves sending information from the _____ to the ____

A

terminal; soma

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19
Q

True or False

Anterograde is 2x as fast as Retrograde transmission

A

True

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20
Q

________ can also perform local protein synthesis for specific purposes like plasticity

A

Dendrites

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21
Q

What type of transport do growth factors tend to use?

A

rapid retrograde transport

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22
Q

Why do we need retrograde transport?

A
  • we need growth factor to go back to the soma
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23
Q

What type of glial cells are immune cells of the CNS?

A

Microglia

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24
Q

What are the two kinds of macroglia in the CNS?

A
  • oligodendrocytes
  • Astrocytes
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25
Q

What kind of macroglia is in the PNS?

A

schwann cells

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26
Q

What is the origin of microglia?

A

the immune system

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27
Q

How do radial astrocytes help neurons get where they need to go?

A

they use biomarkers

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28
Q

Are DNA and RNA positive or negative?

A

Negative

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29
Q

What charge do proteins typically have?

A

negative charge

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30
Q

What tendency do particles have?

A

to move from an area of high concentration to low concentration

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31
Q

Reduction (toward zero) of the membrane potential of a cell from its normal resting potential:

A

Depolarization

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32
Q

An increase in the membrane potential of a cell, relative to the normal resting potential:

A

Hyperpolarization

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33
Q

The passive conduction of electrical current, in a decremental fashion, down the length of an axon:

A

Cable Properties

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34
Q

What is the result of depolarization?

A

action potential

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35
Q

True or false:

There is no such thing as a bigger or smaller action potential

A

True

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36
Q

True or False

A channel can be either voltage dependent or ligand dependent, but not both

A

False

37
Q

A specialized protein molecule that permits specific ions to enter or leave cells

A

Ion Channel

38
Q

An ion channel that opens or closes according to the value of the membrane potential

A

Voltage-dependent ion channel

39
Q

The principle that once an action potential is triggered in an axon, it is propagated, without decrement, to the end of the fiber

A

all-or-none law

40
Q

Conduction of action potentials by myelinated axons. The action potential appears to jump from one node of Ranvier to the next

A

Saltatory conduction

41
Q

The principle that variations in the intensity of a stimulus or other information being transmitted in an axon are represented by variations in the rate at which that axon fires

A

rate law

42
Q

A greater frequency of Action potential = ___________ signal

A lesser frequency of Action potential = ________ signal

A

stronger, weaker

43
Q

a greater population of neurons = ___________ signal

a lesser population of neurons = ____________ signal

A

stronger, weaker

44
Q

What two things does Intensity rely on?

A
  1. frequency of the action potential
  2. Population Code
45
Q

small molecule created in the presynaptic unit, loaded into vesicles, and then released into the cleft and can replenish very fast

A

Classical neurotransmitters

46
Q

Acetylcholine, Monoamines (serotonin, dopamine, NE), Glutamate, GABA, and Histamine are all examples of what type of neurotransmitter?

A

Classical

47
Q

What is an example of a semi-classical neurotransmitter?

A

Peptides

48
Q

What do these characteristics describe?

  • made from mRNA
  • made in the soma
  • slightly larger than classical NT
  • vesicle transport
  • much easier to deplete these because they don’t replenish quickly
A

Peptides

49
Q

What are examples of non-classical neurotransmitters?

A
  • Lipids
  • Nucleosides
  • Soluble Gases
50
Q

What are two types of retrograde neurotransmitters?

A

Lipids and Soluble Gases

51
Q

What type of neurotransmitter do these characteristics describe?

  • can’t pack into vesicles because they would leak out
  • retrograde
  • made in the postsynaptic terminal
A

Soluble gases

52
Q

What are the two ways that neurotransmission occurs in space?

A

Anatomically and Chemically

53
Q
A
54
Q

What is another name for chemically addressed transmission?

A

Volume transmission

55
Q

What are examples of neurotransmitters that experience a fast onset of neurotransmission?

A

GABA and glutamate

56
Q

What are examples of neurotransmitters that experience a slow onset of neurotransmission?

A

Monoamines and neuropeptides

57
Q

What does slow-onset neurotransmission help with?

A

keeping duration of effects to block other/modulate other neurotransmitters

58
Q

Would an axon that connects to a dendrite or an axon be more powerful?

A

axon

59
Q

True or False:

Classical neurotransmitters affect only the presynaptic side

A

FALSE

They affect both the pre and post-synaptic sides

60
Q

What is a CNS area with lots of neurogenesis?

A

the olfactory bulb

61
Q

In which area do we experience very little neurogenesis?

A

the hippocampus

62
Q

What are the two ways cells can die?

A

Apoptosis and Necrosis

63
Q

What happens in necrosis?

A

damages plasma membrane and cell comes out and dies. Dead cells that come out kill surrounding cells

64
Q

What does necrosis cause?

A

inflammation and tissue damage

65
Q

Is there a such thing as too much or too little Glutamate?

A

yes, too much/little can cause problems. This is called Glutamate Excitotoxicity

66
Q

Does the back of the brain or the front develop faster?

A

The back

67
Q

True or False

Axons cannot be regenerated in the CNS or the PNS

A

False

Axons cannot regenerate in the CNS, BUT they can SLOWLY be regenerated in the PNS

68
Q

How many subunits do G-proteins have?

A

3

69
Q

How many subunits goes GABA A have?

A

5

70
Q

What does GABA A do?

A

allows Chlorine in and hyperpolarizes the membrane

71
Q

What are kinases?

A

phosphorylating enzymes

72
Q

What are phosphatases?

A

dephosphorylating enzymes

73
Q

Transcription factor protein complexes bind to DNA to do what?

A

control the rate of transcription from DNA to mRNA

74
Q

activates adenylyl cyclase and increases cAMP levels

A

Gs (excitatory)

75
Q

inhibits adenylyl cyclase and decreases cAMP levels

A

Gi (inhiitory)

76
Q

activates Phospholipase C

A

Gq (modulatory)

77
Q

Activation of Gq releases what molecule from the cell?

A

Calcium

78
Q

cFos and cJun are ______ genes that produce their proteins which form a dimer that acts as a transcription factor to activate late genes

A

early

79
Q

Transcription definition

A

the process of DNA -> RNA

80
Q

What is an example of a transcription factor?

A

CREB

81
Q

What are the first genes to be expressed when a receptor is activated?

A

immediate early genes

82
Q

how long does it take for late genes to appear?

A

could take about a day and might not fully appear for a week or two

83
Q

What are the two modes for stopping signaling through a receptor?

A

Diffusion and Internalization

84
Q

What mode do neurotransmitters use to diffuse away from the synaptic cleft?

A

Diffusion

85
Q

Do we rely on diffusion?

A

no because it is a slow process. It is there, but we do not rely on it

86
Q
A
87
Q

A neurotransmitter can be:

A) A derivative of an amino acid
B) A chain of amino acids
C) Gas
D) All of the above
E) A and B

A

E) A and B

88
Q

Please indicate which of the following is true for GABA:

A) GABA is made from an amino acid
B) GABA is a neuropeptide
C) GABA is inhibitory neurotransmitter
D) GABA is excitatory neurotransmitter
E) All of the above
F) A, B and C
G) A and C

A

G) A and C

Biology Of Psychologal Disorders (2 decks)

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