Exam 1 - Introduction to Epidemiology Flashcards
Name the four main parts of the Public Health Approach.
1) Surveillance
2) Risk Factor Identification
3) Intervention Evaluation
4) Implementation
Name the public health core sciences (5).
1) Prevention effectiveness
2) Epidemiology
3) Laboratory
4) Informatics
5) Surveillance
How is epidemiology defined?
As the study of the DISTRIBUTION and DETERMINANTS of health-related states among SPECIFIED POPULATIONS and the APPLICATION of that study to the control of health problems
Epidemiology examines ______, ______, and _____ of disease outbreaks.
Epidemiology examines INCIDENCE, FREQUENCY, and PREVALENCE of disease outbreaks.
____ is the rate of NEW cases.
INCIDENCE is the rate of NEW cases.
____ is the rate of EXISTING cases.
PREVALENCE is the rate of EXISTING CASES.
What does epidemiology study?
The interrelationship between the HOST, AGENT, and ENVIRONMENT.
Host = ?
Organism
Agent = ?
Cause
Environment = ?
External factors
Epidemiology has a focus on characteristics of what?
TIME, PLACE, and PEOPLE
T/F: One purpose of epidemiology is to determine the relative importance of causes of illness, disability, and death.
TRUE
T/F: One purpose of epidemiology is to identify those segments of the population that have the greatest risk from specific causes of ill health.
TRUE
Define epidemic.
Disease occurrence among a population that is in EXCESS OF WHAT IS EXPECTED in a given time and place
What is the term for disease or condition present among a population at all times?
ENDEMIC
What is the term for a disease or condition that spreads across regions?
PANDEMIC
What is the term for disease or occurrence among a population that is in excess of what is expected in a given time and place?
EPIDEMIC
Name the first 4 major steps of solving health problems.
1) Data collection
2) Assessment
3) Hypothesis testing
4) Action
What does step 1 of solving health problems involve?
Surveillance
Determine time, place, and person
What does step 2 of solving health problems involve?
Inference
What does step 3 of solving health problems involve?
Determine how and why
What does step 4 of solving health problems involve?
Intervention
Name the 2 epidemiology study types.
1) Experimental
2) Observational
Name the sub-types of observational epidemiology study type.
1) Descriptive
2) Analytic
What are the two types of epidemiology study types?
1) Experimental
2) Observational
What questions do experimental epidemiology study types seek to answer?
- When
- Where
- Who
What questions do observational epidemiology study types seek to answer?
- How
- Why
T/F: Descriptive leads to analytical.
TRUE
In a ___-____ study, subjects are selected because they are members of a certain population subset at a certain time.
In a CROSS-SECTIONAL study, subjects are selected because they are members of a certain population subset at a certain time.
T/F: A cross-sectional study defines the TARGET POPULATION.
TRUE
T/F: In a cross-sectional study, participants are selected for their specific disease or exposure.
FALSE
-Participants are selected regardless of their exposure or disease status
What is the name of the study in which subjects are categorized on the basis of their exposure to one or more risk factors?
COHORT STUDY
List the important features of a cohort study.
- Following two groups over time
- Compare outcomes
- Exposure matters
What is the name of the study in which subjects are identified as having a disease or condition and are compared with subjects without the same disease or condition?
CASE-CONTROL STUDY
Name the study type: A study of heart disease comparing a group who eats healthy foods and exercises regularly with one who does not in an effort to test association.
Analytic
Name the study type: A study to describe the eating habits of adolescents aged 13-18 years in community X.
Descriptive
Name the study type: An epidemiologist is doing a study on the sleep patterns of college students but does not provide any intervention.
Observational
Name the study type: Subjects with diabetes are compared with subjects without diabetes.
Case-control
Name the study type: A study of women aged 50-60 years in a community located close to a nuclear power facility.
Cohort
Name the study type: Subjects who have received nutritional counseling and who have exercised twice a week are compared with subjects who have not.
Cross-sectional
