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CHEM 364 - Biochemistry > Exam 1: Introduction to Biochemistry (Chem 364 - Biochemistry) > Flashcards

Exam 1: Introduction to Biochemistry (Chem 364 - Biochemistry) Flashcards

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1
Q

biochemistry areas of study

A

structure/function (carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, vitamins); information (genetics); and bioenergetics (metabolism – anabolism and catabolism)

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2
Q

information

A

DNA –Replication–> DNA –Transcription–> RNA –Translation–> Protein

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3
Q

six bulk elements present in biological systems

A

hydrogen (H), carbon (C), nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S)

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4
Q

trace, essential elements present in biological systems

A

sodium (Na), Magnesium (Mg), Potassium (K), Calcium (Ca), Chlorine (Cl)

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5
Q

trace elements that may be essential and may be present in some organisms

A

more common: manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn)… less common: vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), molybdenum (Mo), nickel (Ni), boron (B), aluminum (Al), gallium (Ga), silicon (Si), tin (Sn), arsenic (As), selenium (Se), Fluorine (F), iodine (I)

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6
Q

functional groups

A

hydroxyl, acyl, carbonyl, carboxylate, sulfhydryl, amino, phosphate, phosphoryl

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7
Q

hydroxyl

A

-OH

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8
Q

acyl

A

-COR

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9
Q

carbonyl

A

C=O

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10
Q

carboxylate

A

COO-

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11
Q

sulfhydryl (thiol)

A

-SH

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12
Q

amino

A

-NH2 or -NH3

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13
Q

phosphate

A

-OPO3^2-

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14
Q

phosphoryl

A

-PO3 2-

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15
Q

organic compounds

A

alcohol, aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid, thiol, amines

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16
Q

alcohol

A

R-OH

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17
Q

aldehyde

A

RCHO

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18
Q

ketone

A

RCOR

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19
Q

carboxylic acid

A

RCOOH

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20
Q

thiol (sulfhydryl)

A

R-SH

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21
Q

amines

A

primary (RNH2), secondary (R2NH), tertiary (R3N)

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22
Q

under most biological conditions… carboxylic acids exist as

A

carboxylate anions (RCOO-)

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23
Q

under most biological conditions… amines exist as

A

ammonium ions (RNH3+, R2NH2+, R3NH+)

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24
Q

linkages in biochemical compounds

A

ester, ether, amide, phosphate ester, phosphoanhydride

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25
Q

ester linkage

A

a bond between a hydroxyl group and a carboxyl group… C-O-C=O

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26
Q

ether linkage

A

C-O-C

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27
Q

amide linkage

A

the carbonyl carbon-nitrogen single bond of the amide group… N-C=O

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28
Q

phosphate ester linkage

A

C-O-PO3 2-

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29
Q

phosphoanhydride linkage

A

phosphate + phosphate… O-PO2-O-PO3 2-

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30
Q

major classes of biological molecules

A

lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids (deoxyribonucleic, ribonucleic)

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31
Q

types of natural polymers

A

cellulose (glucose monomers), starch (glucose monomers), protein (amino acid monomers), nucleic acid (nucleotide monomers)

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32
Q

proteins

A

polypeptides made of amino acids… connected with amide linkage

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33
Q

amino acid structure

A

+H3N-CHR-COO-

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34
Q

carbohydrates

A

monomers/dimers/polymers… connected with ether linkage

35
Q

nucleic acids

A

made of nucleotides… connected with phosphodiester linkage… have either purine (adenine or guanine) or pyrimidine (thymine, cytosine, or uracil) bases

36
Q

lipids

A

water insoluble/sparingly soluble molecules… consist of variety of molecules… ex: steroid (like cholesterol) or phospholipid (like glycerophospholipid) [phospholipid has polar/hydrophilic head and nonpolar/hydrophobic tail]

37
Q

universal features of living cells

A

plasma membrane, cytoplasm, either a nucleus (eukaryotes) or nucleoid (prokaryotes)

38
Q

plasma membrane

A

hydrophobic barrier around the cell

39
Q

cytoplasm

A

composed of variety of suspended particles with specific functions

40
Q

nucleus

A

where DNA is stored and replicated in eukaryotes

41
Q

nucleoid

A

where DNA is stored and replicated in prokaryotes

42
Q

prokaryotes

A

microorganisms without nuclear envelope, with genetic information encoded in nucleoid

43
Q

eukaryotes

A

microorganisms whose nuclear material is enclosed within a double membrane / in the nucleus

44
Q

cell wall (in prokaryotes)

A

protection against mechanical and hypertonic stress

45
Q

cell membrane (in prokaryotes)

A

permeable boundary that allows entry and exit of nutrients and waste

46
Q

nucleoid region (in prokaryotes)

A

storage of genetic information, site of DNA replication

47
Q

ribosomes

A

protein synthesis; synthesize proteins

48
Q

vacuoles (in prokaryotes)

A

storage of fuel molecules

49
Q

cytoplasm (in prokaryotes)

A

region where many metabolic reactions occur

50
Q

cell membrane (in eukaryotes)

A

selectively permeable boundary for entry and exit of nutrients and waste

51
Q

nucleus (in eukaryotes)

A

storage of genetic information, site of DNA replication and transcription to RNA

52
Q

endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes (in eukaryotes)

A

surfaces on which ribosomes bind for protein synthesis

53
Q

golgi apparatus (in eukaryotes)

A

secretion for cell waste products/site of protein processing

54
Q

cytoplasm (in eukaryotes)

A

provides shape to cell, region where metabolic reactions occur

55
Q

mitochondria (in eukaryotes)

A

site of energy metabolism and synthesis of ATP

56
Q

chloroplasts (in eukaryotes)

A

site of photosynthesis, convert light energy into chemical energy (ATP)

57
Q

lysosomes (in eukaryotes)

A

metabolism of materials ingested by endocytosis

58
Q

functional groups

A

give organic molecules specific chemical properties that thus impact their interactive abilities

59
Q

peptide bond

A

bonds connecting amino acids… involves the dehydration of an amine and a carboxylic acid to form an amide

60
Q

lipids tend to not form

A

natural polymers

61
Q

cellulose and starch are examples of

A

carbohydrates

62
Q

amino acid

A

made of an amine and carboxylic acid end

63
Q

___peptide

A

prefix indicates how many amino acids are combined

64
Q

identifiable feature of carbohydrates

A

polyhydroxy

65
Q

nucleic acid components

A

phosphate group, sugar, nitrogenous base

66
Q

unique features of eukaryotic cells

A

membrane-enclosed nucleus, well-defined internal compartments (organelles), cytoskeleton

67
Q

rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

site of protein synthesis and packaging

68
Q

golgi apparatus

A

modify lipids and proteins; sorts them and packages them in vesicles; secrete cell waste

69
Q

lysosomes

A

digest molecules or old cell parts

70
Q

vacuoles

A

store nutrients and ions

71
Q

chloroplasts

A

synthesize glucose in plants

72
Q

nucleus/nucleoid

A

store genetic information

73
Q

mitochondria

A

metabolize molecules and produce ATP

74
Q

vesicles

A

shuttles molecules

75
Q

cell wall

A

provide shape and rigidity

76
Q

cell membrane

A

selective permeable boundary for entry of nutrients and exit of waste

77
Q

flagella

A

assist in movement

78
Q

cytoskeleton

A

provide shape and guide the movement of proteins and other organelles

79
Q

pili

A

provide points of adhesion to other cells

80
Q

organelle

A

membrane enclosed package of organized molecules that perform specialized function to the cell; enclosed structure with a specific function found within a cell

81
Q

cells that have a cell wall

A

bacteria, plant cells

82
Q

cells that have a cell/plasma membrane

A

bacteria, plant cells, animal cells

83
Q
A

CHEM 364 - Biochemistry (3 decks)

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