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A&P Lecture Final > Exam 1 Introduction, Metabolism, Tissues, Integument > Flashcards

Exam 1 Introduction, Metabolism, Tissues, Integument Flashcards

1
Q

anatomy

A

study of structure and form

to cut apart or disect

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2
Q

physiology

A

study of function of the body parts

how organs and body systems normally function & how disease and medication alters its functions

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3
Q

crainal / superior

A

towards the head / top

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4
Q

caudal / inferior

A

towards the tail / bottom

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5
Q

superficial

A

outside surface (skin)

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6
Q

deep

A

inside surfaces (tissues)

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7
Q

medial

A

towards middle of body

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8
Q

lateral

A

further away from the midline of the body

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9
Q

anterior / ventral

A

towards the front

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10
Q

posterior / dorsal

A

towards the back

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11
Q

prone

A

laying on stomach

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12
Q

supine

A

laying on back

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13
Q

Coronal/Frontal Plane

A

splits body into anterior & posterior (front & back)

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14
Q

sagittal plane

A

splits body into right & left side

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15
Q

mid-saggital

A

directly down middle

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16
Q

para-sagittal

A

unevenly cut down middle

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17
Q

transverse plane

A

splits into cranial & caudal (superior/inferior)

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18
Q

Dorsal cavity

houses?

lined by? specifically? what kind of tissue?

responsible for?

A

CNS

meninges
dura, arachnoid, pia mater
connective tissue

Cranial cavity, spinal/vertebral cavity

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19
Q

cranial cavity

houses?

which contains?

A

superior portion of CNS

brain, pituitary gland, cerebral blood vessels

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20
Q

Spinal / vertebral cavity

houses?

which contains?

A

inferior portion of the CNS

spinal chord, adipose, spinal blood vessels

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21
Q

ventral cavity

includes?

A

Thoracic Cavity

Abdominopelvic cavity

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22
Q

Thoracic Cavity

contains?

A

left & right pleural cavities
the pericardial
mediastinum

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23
Q

Abdominopelvic Cavity

contains?

A

diaphragm
abdominal
pelvis

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24
Q

whats a synovial cavity

A

soft tissue that lines the spaces of joints & tendon sheaths)

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25
Q

Hierachy

small-large

A 
atom
molecules
biomolecules
organelles
cells
tissues
organs
organ system
organism
population
species
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26
Q

atom

define?

has?

what are they?

A

smallest part of a substance containing chemical characteristics

subatomic particles

proton, neutron, electron

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27
Q

molecules

what is molecular bonding

polar ?

non- polar?

ionic?

hydrogen?

inorganic?

organic?

A

covalent single double or triple bond, the sharing of bonds between atoms

unequal sharing

equal sharing

metal + nonmetal

exists only between water molecules only, not hydrogen& oxygen

no C-C or C-H

C-C and/or C-H

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28
Q

biomolecules

what are they?

A

carbohydrate
lipid
protein
nucleic acid

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29
Q

Carbohydrate

composition?
Includes?
animal carb?
plant carb?
fiber?

building block?
what makes up the building block?
Suffix? Examples?

A 
C, H, O  (1:2:1) (polysaccaride)
sugars
glycogen
starch
cellulose
monosaccharide
3-7 carbons
-ose
glucose
fructose
galactose
deoxyribose
ribose
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30
Q

lipid

composition?

building block?

A

C, H, O

Glycerol
fatty acids
phosphate
cholesterol

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31
Q

protein

composition?

building blocks?

A

C, H, O, N

amino acid

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32
Q

nucleic acid

composition?

building blocks?

A

C, H, O, N, P

Nucleotide (sugar, PO4, nitrogenous base)

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33
Q

ribosome function

A

protein production

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34
Q

golgi apparatus function?

A

protein packaging

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35
Q

ER function?

A

microcirculatory system

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36
Q

tissue types

A

epithelium
connective
muscle

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37
Q

epithelium tissue

looks like?

function?

A

multiple types, look connected to one another/overlapping

cover line & protect

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38
Q

connective tissue

looks like?

function?

A

separate from one another

bind, support, & connect

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39
Q

muscle tissue

includes?

function?

A

skeletal, smooth, cardiac

movement, protection, & heat

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40
Q

population

A

groups of individuals

41
Q

commonuity

A

interacting with other creatures

42
Q

ecosystem

A

interacting with environment

43
Q

biome

A

major communities defined by dominant plant

44
Q

disease

A

disruption in biology, physiology, or sociology of the person

45
Q

produces a change in the controlled variable

A

stimulus

46
Q

monitors the change, communicates with control center

A

receptor

47
Q

receives information from receptor, generates an output which travels to effector

A

control center

48
Q

receives output from control center, produces response, returns variable to homeostasis

A

effector

49
Q

positive feed back

define?

example?

A

Strengthen or reinforces a change
Keeps sending you upward

pregnancy
(brain releases Oxytocin, OT targets uterus, baby is pushed lower, increases release of OT)

50
Q

negative feedback

define?

example?

A

Reverses a change in the controlled condition
(if you’re out of equilibrium it will bring you back to normal)
keeps sending you downward

testosterone production & blood pressure regulation

Abiotic: thermostat example,

51
Q

Fuel Sources for Metabolism

A
  • Carbohydrates
  • Lipids
  • Proteins
52
Q

disaccharide

define

ex

A

structural unit of carbohydrate
2 monosaccharides

sucrose
lactose
maltose

53
Q

polysaccharides

define

ex

A

structural unit of carbohydrates
10-100’s of monosaccharides

glycogen
starch
cellulose

54
Q

Dehydration Synthesis

does?

how?

A

forms carbohydrates

Removal of water
Building bond
hydrogen(H) + hydroxide(OH) = water

55
Q

Hydrolysis

does?

A

destroy carbohydrates

Addition of water
Breaking bond
Adding a hydrogen(H) and a hydroxide(OH) to break the water molecule (H2O)

56
Q

types of lipids

relationship to water

A 
triglycerides,
phospholipids
steroids
eicosanoids
lipoproteins

hydrophobic (insoluble)

57
Q

Triglyceride

forms?

stored in?

made of?

Can be either? Define each?

A

type of lipid

solid (fat) or liquid (oil)

adipose

1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids

Saturated = no double bonds in HC chain, solid at RT
Unsaturated = at least 1 double bond in HC chain, liquid at RT
58
Q

Phospholipids

characteristic? means?

head is?

tail is?

A

type of lipid

Amphipathic (polar & nonpolar)

polar

nonpolar

59
Q

steriods

composed of?

building block / backbone?

Ex.?

A

type of lipid

4 carbon rings, 1 hydroxyl (at least)

cholesterol

estrogen
testosterone
cortisol
Vitamin D
Bile salts
60
Q

Eicosanoids

either?
function of each?
structural difference?
A

Prostaglandins(PG)
modify horomone, inflammatory responses, regulate body temperature
Aspirin blocks enzyme that allows the conversion of arachidonic acid to PG

Leukotrienes
allergic and inflammatroy responses
NO 5 membered ring
asthma

61
Q

Structural protein

A

collagen

62
Q

regularoty protein

A

insulin

63
Q

contractile protein

A

acton / myosin

64
Q

catalytic protein

A

amylase, dehydrogenase

65
Q

Anabolism

A

synthesis or building (dehydration – removal of water make bond)

66
Q

Catabolism

A

decomposition or destruction (hydrolysis – addition of water break bond)

67
Q

Exergonic Reaction

A

release more energy than they absorb

68
Q

Endergonic reaction

A

absorb more energy than they release

69
Q

Activation Energy

A

energy needed to break chemical bonds in reactant molecules so the reaction can start

70
Q

Catalysts

A
  • Speed up the rate of reaction by lowering the activation energy
  • Do not change potential energy difference between reactants and products
71
Q

Enzymes

define?

named by?

A

Proteins, the most important catalyst in our bodies

according to what they catalyze

72
Q

holoenzyme

components?

A

biochemically active enzyme

apoenzyme
coenzyme
cofactor

73
Q

apoenzyme

A

component of holoenzyme

protein moiety

74
Q

coenzyme

A

component of holoenzyme

additional organic component, derived from vitamins

75
Q

cofactor

A

component of holoenzyme

additional inorganic component, derived from minerals

76
Q

Oxidase

A

add oxygen

77
Q

kinase

A

add phosphate

78
Q

Dehydrogenase-

A

remove hydrogen

79
Q

anhydrase

A

remove water

80
Q

proteases

A

break down proteins

81
Q

ATP

ATP Generation

A

Adenine, ribose sugar, 3 phosphates

Substrate Level Phosphorylation + Oxidative Phosphorylation

82
Q

Substrate Level Phosphorylation:

location
function
type of respiration
A

located in the cytosol
oconverts PO4 to ADP
anerobic repiration

83
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation:

location
function
type of respiration
A

o occurs in the mitochondrial membrane
o removes electrons from compounds and passes them through ETC to O2.
aerobic repiration

84
Q

Anerobic respiration

oxygen?

produces?

preformed by?

where does it occur?

what happens to glucose?

Phosphorylation

A

NO oxygen needed

2 net ATP

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

cytosol

Partially broken down into pyruvate (lactic acid)

Substrate Level Phosphorylation

85
Q

Aerobic respiration

oxygen?

produces?

preformed by?

where does it occur?

what happens to glucose?

Phosphorylation

A

requires Oxygen

Heat & 36 -38 ATP

Eukaryotic cells

Goes from cytosol to mitochondria
(pyruvate to ATP)

Completely broken down into CO2 & H2O

Oxidative

86
Q

Going from ATP to ADP requires

A

addition of water

87
Q

Hydrogen forms 2 ions

A

Hydrogen (H+) = proton + electron

Hydride (H-) = electron

88
Q

Oxidation

What does it loose?
What does it gain?
What kind of agent is it?
Does it ^ or decrease potential energy?

A

Electrons & Hydrogen
Oxygen
Reducing agent
Increases potential energy

89
Q

Reduction

What does it loose?
What does it gain?
What kind of agent is it?
Does it ^ or decrease potential energy?

A

Oxygen
Electrons & Hydrogen
Oxidizing agent
Decreases potential energy

90
Q

Reduction

What does it loose?
What does it gain?
What kind of agent is it?
Does it ^ or decrease potential energy?

A

Oxygen
Electrons & Hydrogen
Oxidizing agent
Decreases potential energy

91
Q

glycolysis

When does it take place?
Where does it occur?
Is it anaerobic or aerobic?
What does it produce?

A

ADP = high & ATP = low
cytosol
anaerobic
2 ATP & 2 NADH+

92
Q

Fait of Pyruvate deoends on

A

presense of absense of oxygen (aerobic or anaerobic)

93
Q

Anaerobic Fait of Pyruvate

A

doesnt require oxygen
Pyruvate is reduced
(addition of 2 hydrogen atoms)
forming lactic acid

Regeneration of the NAD+ used after G3P

Lactic acid diffuses out of the cell & into the blood
(allows glycolysis to continue)

Hepatocytes remove lactic acid from the blood converting it to pyruvate
Starts all over again…

94
Q

Aerobic Fait of Pyruvate

A

requires oxygen
Pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA
The krebs cycle begins in the mitochondrial matrix

95
Q

From glycolysis, pyruvate becomes

overall producing?

A

acetyl CoA & then + OAA = citric acid

Overall producing 2 NADH

96
Q

Kreb’s Cycle / Citric Acid Cycle

What reaction (s) occur?
Where does it occur?
Is it anaerobic or aerobic?
What does it produce?
What occurs?
A 
Redox and decarboxylation reactions
Mitochondrial matrix
aerobic
GTP & 2 CO2
2x (1 ATP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2)

Pyruvic acid is oxidized
NAD+ & FAD are reduced to NADH & FADH2

97
Q 
Ally
caught
iguanas
kindly
stroaking (their)
scales
father
madly
objects.
A 
Acetyl-CoA 
Citrate 
Isocitrate
a-Ketoglutarate
Succinyl-CoA 
Succinate 
Fumerate 
Malate Oxaloacetate
98
Q

Electron Transport Chain

process?

Final electron acceptor is ?

produces?

Grand total of

A

Electron carriers in the mitochondrial inner membrane
Electrons pass through the chain and exergonic reactions release energy to make ATP

OXYGEN (aerobic) to make water

NAD+, H20, 32-34 ATP

38 ATP

A&P Lecture Final (1 decks)

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