Exam 1 Introduction, Metabolism, Tissues, Integument Flashcards
anatomy
study of structure and form
to cut apart or disect
physiology
study of function of the body parts
how organs and body systems normally function & how disease and medication alters its functions
crainal / superior
towards the head / top
caudal / inferior
towards the tail / bottom
superficial
outside surface (skin)
deep
inside surfaces (tissues)
medial
towards middle of body
lateral
further away from the midline of the body
anterior / ventral
towards the front
posterior / dorsal
towards the back
prone
laying on stomach
supine
laying on back
Coronal/Frontal Plane
splits body into anterior & posterior (front & back)
sagittal plane
splits body into right & left side
mid-saggital
directly down middle
para-sagittal
unevenly cut down middle
transverse plane
splits into cranial & caudal (superior/inferior)
Dorsal cavity
houses?
lined by? specifically? what kind of tissue?
responsible for?
CNS
meninges
dura, arachnoid, pia mater
connective tissue
Cranial cavity, spinal/vertebral cavity
cranial cavity
houses?
which contains?
superior portion of CNS
brain, pituitary gland, cerebral blood vessels
Spinal / vertebral cavity
houses?
which contains?
inferior portion of the CNS
spinal chord, adipose, spinal blood vessels
ventral cavity
includes?
Thoracic Cavity
Abdominopelvic cavity
Thoracic Cavity
contains?
left & right pleural cavities
the pericardial
mediastinum
Abdominopelvic Cavity
contains?
diaphragm
abdominal
pelvis
whats a synovial cavity
soft tissue that lines the spaces of joints & tendon sheaths)
Hierachy
small-large
atom molecules biomolecules organelles cells tissues organs organ system organism population species
atom
define?
has?
what are they?
smallest part of a substance containing chemical characteristics
subatomic particles
proton, neutron, electron
molecules
what is molecular bonding
polar ?
non- polar?
ionic?
hydrogen?
inorganic?
organic?
covalent single double or triple bond, the sharing of bonds between atoms
unequal sharing
equal sharing
metal + nonmetal
exists only between water molecules only, not hydrogen& oxygen
no C-C or C-H
C-C and/or C-H
biomolecules
what are they?
carbohydrate
lipid
protein
nucleic acid
Carbohydrate
composition? Includes? animal carb? plant carb? fiber?
building block?
what makes up the building block?
Suffix? Examples?
C, H, O (1:2:1) (polysaccaride) sugars glycogen starch cellulose
monosaccharide 3-7 carbons -ose glucose fructose galactose deoxyribose ribose
lipid
composition?
building block?
C, H, O
Glycerol
fatty acids
phosphate
cholesterol
protein
composition?
building blocks?
C, H, O, N
amino acid
nucleic acid
composition?
building blocks?
C, H, O, N, P
Nucleotide (sugar, PO4, nitrogenous base)
ribosome function
protein production
golgi apparatus function?
protein packaging
ER function?
microcirculatory system
tissue types
epithelium
connective
muscle
epithelium tissue
looks like?
function?
multiple types, look connected to one another/overlapping
cover line & protect
connective tissue
looks like?
function?
separate from one another
bind, support, & connect
muscle tissue
includes?
function?
skeletal, smooth, cardiac
movement, protection, & heat
population
groups of individuals
commonuity
interacting with other creatures
ecosystem
interacting with environment
biome
major communities defined by dominant plant
disease
disruption in biology, physiology, or sociology of the person
produces a change in the controlled variable
stimulus
monitors the change, communicates with control center
receptor
receives information from receptor, generates an output which travels to effector
control center
receives output from control center, produces response, returns variable to homeostasis
effector
positive feed back
define?
example?
Strengthen or reinforces a change
Keeps sending you upward
pregnancy
(brain releases Oxytocin, OT targets uterus, baby is pushed lower, increases release of OT)
negative feedback
define?
example?
Reverses a change in the controlled condition
(if you’re out of equilibrium it will bring you back to normal)
keeps sending you downward
testosterone production & blood pressure regulation
Abiotic: thermostat example,
Fuel Sources for Metabolism
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Proteins
disaccharide
define
ex
structural unit of carbohydrate
2 monosaccharides
sucrose
lactose
maltose
polysaccharides
define
ex
structural unit of carbohydrates
10-100’s of monosaccharides
glycogen
starch
cellulose
Dehydration Synthesis
does?
how?
forms carbohydrates
Removal of water
Building bond
hydrogen(H) + hydroxide(OH) = water
Hydrolysis
does?
destroy carbohydrates
Addition of water
Breaking bond
Adding a hydrogen(H) and a hydroxide(OH) to break the water molecule (H2O)
types of lipids
relationship to water
triglycerides, phospholipids steroids eicosanoids lipoproteins
hydrophobic (insoluble)
Triglyceride
forms?
stored in?
made of?
Can be either? Define each?
type of lipid
solid (fat) or liquid (oil)
adipose
1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids
Saturated = no double bonds in HC chain, solid at RT Unsaturated = at least 1 double bond in HC chain, liquid at RT
Phospholipids
characteristic? means?
head is?
tail is?
type of lipid
Amphipathic (polar & nonpolar)
polar
nonpolar
steriods
composed of?
building block / backbone?
Ex.?
type of lipid
4 carbon rings, 1 hydroxyl (at least)
cholesterol
estrogen testosterone cortisol Vitamin D Bile salts
Eicosanoids
either? function of each? structural difference?
Prostaglandins(PG)
modify horomone, inflammatory responses, regulate body temperature
Aspirin blocks enzyme that allows the conversion of arachidonic acid to PG
Leukotrienes
allergic and inflammatroy responses
NO 5 membered ring
asthma
Structural protein
collagen
regularoty protein
insulin
contractile protein
acton / myosin
catalytic protein
amylase, dehydrogenase
Anabolism
synthesis or building (dehydration – removal of water make bond)
Catabolism
decomposition or destruction (hydrolysis – addition of water break bond)
Exergonic Reaction
release more energy than they absorb
Endergonic reaction
absorb more energy than they release
Activation Energy
energy needed to break chemical bonds in reactant molecules so the reaction can start
Catalysts
- Speed up the rate of reaction by lowering the activation energy
- Do not change potential energy difference between reactants and products
Enzymes
define?
named by?
Proteins, the most important catalyst in our bodies
according to what they catalyze
holoenzyme
components?
biochemically active enzyme
apoenzyme
coenzyme
cofactor
apoenzyme
component of holoenzyme
protein moiety
coenzyme
component of holoenzyme
additional organic component, derived from vitamins
cofactor
component of holoenzyme
additional inorganic component, derived from minerals
Oxidase
add oxygen
kinase
add phosphate
Dehydrogenase-
remove hydrogen
anhydrase
remove water
proteases
break down proteins
ATP
ATP Generation
Adenine, ribose sugar, 3 phosphates
Substrate Level Phosphorylation + Oxidative Phosphorylation
Substrate Level Phosphorylation:
location function type of respiration
located in the cytosol
oconverts PO4 to ADP
anerobic repiration
Oxidative Phosphorylation:
location function type of respiration
o occurs in the mitochondrial membrane
o removes electrons from compounds and passes them through ETC to O2.
aerobic repiration
Anerobic respiration
oxygen?
produces?
preformed by?
where does it occur?
what happens to glucose?
Phosphorylation
NO oxygen needed
2 net ATP
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
cytosol
Partially broken down into pyruvate (lactic acid)
Substrate Level Phosphorylation
Aerobic respiration
oxygen?
produces?
preformed by?
where does it occur?
what happens to glucose?
Phosphorylation
requires Oxygen
Heat & 36 -38 ATP
Eukaryotic cells
Goes from cytosol to mitochondria
(pyruvate to ATP)
Completely broken down into CO2 & H2O
Oxidative
Going from ATP to ADP requires
addition of water
Hydrogen forms 2 ions
Hydrogen (H+) = proton + electron
Hydride (H-) = electron
Oxidation
What does it loose?
What does it gain?
What kind of agent is it?
Does it ^ or decrease potential energy?
Electrons & Hydrogen
Oxygen
Reducing agent
Increases potential energy
Reduction
What does it loose?
What does it gain?
What kind of agent is it?
Does it ^ or decrease potential energy?
Oxygen
Electrons & Hydrogen
Oxidizing agent
Decreases potential energy
Reduction
What does it loose?
What does it gain?
What kind of agent is it?
Does it ^ or decrease potential energy?
Oxygen
Electrons & Hydrogen
Oxidizing agent
Decreases potential energy
glycolysis
When does it take place?
Where does it occur?
Is it anaerobic or aerobic?
What does it produce?
ADP = high & ATP = low
cytosol
anaerobic
2 ATP & 2 NADH+
Fait of Pyruvate deoends on
presense of absense of oxygen (aerobic or anaerobic)
Anaerobic Fait of Pyruvate
doesnt require oxygen
Pyruvate is reduced
(addition of 2 hydrogen atoms)
forming lactic acid
Regeneration of the NAD+ used after G3P
Lactic acid diffuses out of the cell & into the blood
(allows glycolysis to continue)
Hepatocytes remove lactic acid from the blood converting it to pyruvate
Starts all over again…
Aerobic Fait of Pyruvate
requires oxygen
Pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA
The krebs cycle begins in the mitochondrial matrix
From glycolysis, pyruvate becomes
overall producing?
acetyl CoA & then + OAA = citric acid
Overall producing 2 NADH
Kreb’s Cycle / Citric Acid Cycle
What reaction (s) occur? Where does it occur? Is it anaerobic or aerobic? What does it produce? What occurs?
Redox and decarboxylation reactions Mitochondrial matrix aerobic GTP & 2 CO2 2x (1 ATP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2)
Pyruvic acid is oxidized
NAD+ & FAD are reduced to NADH & FADH2
Ally caught iguanas kindly stroaking (their) scales father madly objects.
Acetyl-CoA Citrate Isocitrate a-Ketoglutarate Succinyl-CoA Succinate Fumerate Malate Oxaloacetate
Electron Transport Chain
process?
Final electron acceptor is ?
produces?
Grand total of
Electron carriers in the mitochondrial inner membrane
Electrons pass through the chain and exergonic reactions release energy to make ATP
OXYGEN (aerobic) to make water
NAD+, H20, 32-34 ATP
38 ATP
