Exam 1: intro to arthropods Flashcards
subphylum chelicerata includes what class
class arachnida (ticks and mites)
subphylum atelocerata includes what classes
class insecta and class myriapoda—no vet importance
what is the largest phylum in the animal kingdom
phylum arthropoda
phylum arthropoda characteristics
externally segmented, has exoskeletons that are periodically shed
open circulatory system
majority undergo metamorphosis
can be beneficial and non-beneficial
terrestrial habitat
entire life cycle on land
aquatic habitat
entire life cycle in water
teresterial and aquatic habitat
immature in water, and adult on land
what is metamorphosis
a change in the form and often habits of an animal during normal development after the embryonic stage
holometabolous
(complete) habitats and food source is different for young and adults
holometabolous immature develop from simple ____ to mostly ____ adults
wingless to winged
what are the developmental stages of holometabolous in order
egg, larva, pupa, and adult
hemimetabolous
(incomplete) immature stage resembles miniature adults; young and adult share habitats and resources
what are the developmental stages of hemimetabolous in order
egg, larva, nymph, and adult
what is at the center of the veterinary and medical importance of arthropods
ability to find the food source
to locate the host, arthropods activate, locate, and orient _____
NEUROSENSORY SYSTEMS
HOW IS UNDERSTANDING HOW A PARTICULAR ARTHROPOD LOCATES BENEFICIAL?
CAN LEAD TO DEVELOPMENT OF PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES
How do arthropods accomplish host location?
nest dueling
intermediate host location
long distance host location
what are cues used in host finding
visual body odor CO2 water vapor from breath lactic acid oxidation products butanol (bacteria product in ruminants) heat source
morphological adaptation: body shape
allows arthropod movement while on the vertebrate host and enable them to hide in tight spaces when off the host
arthropod body shapes are either ___ or ____
dorsal-ventrally flattend (majority) laterally flattened (fleas)
mouthparts are either
chewing, piercing and sucking, sucking
immunosuppression of defenses
allows arthropods to avoid detrimental effects of the vertebrate host defense
blood meal feeding and digestion
through successfuL blood meal, arthropods acquire and transmit disease agents, acquire nutrients for reproduction
How do arthropods obtain blood
telmophagy (pool feeding) and solenophagy (directly from blood vessel)
water balance in athropods
host blood is 80% water and blood feeders have ways to eliminate excess, without which arthropod fitness will reduce
hots range adaptation
arthropods interact with a specific range of animals
how can arthropods affect animal and human health
directly or indirectly
a majority of arthropods have which kind of effect (direct or indirect)
both
what is vertical transmission of disease
arthropod to arthropod
what is transmission passed between arthropod developmental stages
transstadial
what is transmission from mother to offspring
transgenerational or transovarial transmission
what is male to female transmission
venereal transmission
how do the males become infected
via transovarial transmission
how do the females pass on the infection
transovarial
ingestion of infected arthropods
co-feeding arthropods?
what is horizontal transmissioin
transmission of disease agents from arthropods to vertebrates
horizontal transmission through infectious bites is called
anterior station (majority of agents)
horizontal transmission through fecal contamination
posterior station
horizontal transmission is said to be either
mechanical transmission or biological transmission
mechanical transmission
pathogen does not need the mechanical arthropod vector for its continued cycling or maintenance in nature (pink eye)
biological transmission
cycling or maintenance of the transmitted disease agent requires a step in the arthropod vector
what are the types of biological transmission
multiplicative transmission
developmental transmission
cyclodevelopmental transmission
multiplicative transmission
pathogen multiplies within the vector, but does not change form (mostly bacteria and arboviruses)
developmental transmission
pathogen develops and changes form in the vector but does not multiply
cyclodevelopmental transmission
pathogen develops, changes form, and increase in number in the arthropod vector
