Exam 1: Inflammation

Question 1

5 Hallmark Signs of Acute Inflammation

Answer 1

1. Calor/Heat
2. Rubor/Redness
3. Tumor/Edema
4. Dolor/Pain
5. Functio lesa

Question 2

Inflammation plays an integral role in ____________ and __________ immunity.

Answer 2

Adaptive and innate

Question 3

Definition of Inflammation

Answer 3

Defense rxn of living tissue against damage, aimed at removing the cause of injury and repairing the tissue

Question 4

7 Mediators of Inflammation

Answer 4

1. Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines
2. Complement Components
3. Prostaglandins
4. Leukotrienes
5. Vasoactive amines
6. Platelet-Activating Factor
7. Plasma Proteases

Question 5

4 Pro-inflammatory cytokines

Answer 5

TNFa, IL-1, IL-6, IL-8

Question 6

TNFa stands for:

Answer 6

Tumor necrosis factor alpha

Question 7

___________ and _________ induce fever and stress hormone production (norepinephrine, vasopressin, activation of the RAAS)

Answer 7

TNF-a and IL-1

Question 8

_____, ______, and _______ promote chemotaxis, induce extravasation of granulocytes and degranulation of neutrophils

Answer 8

IL-1, IL-6, IL-8

Question 9

Complement Components: ________ and _________ increase vascular permeability

Answer 9

C3a, C5a

Question 10

Complement components stimulate _________ of neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes

Answer 10

chemotaxis

Question 11

_____________ contribute to vasodilation, capillary permeability, pain and fever during inflammation

Answer 11

prostaglandins

Question 12

Prostaglandins __________ the blood pressure

Answer 12

decrease

Question 13

______ and ________, known as _______ prostaglandins, potentiate the effects of histamine and other inflammatory mediators

Answer 13

PGE1 and PGE2, known as STABLE prostaglandins

Question 14

Prostaglandin thromboxane A2 promotes __________________ and __________________

Answer 14

Platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction

Question 15

4 Leukotrienes

Answer 15

LTB4, LTC4, LTD4, LTE4

Question 16

_____, _____, and ______ are Slow-Reacting substance of anaphylaxis; induce smooth muscle contraction

Answer 16

LTC4, LTD4, LTE4

Question 17

______ is a potent chemoattractant of neutrophils

Answer 17

LTB4

Question 18

2 vasoactive amines

Answer 18

Histamine, Serotonin

Question 19

Vasoactive amines cause (dilation or constriction?) and (increased or decreased?) permeability of capillaries

Answer 19

dilation, increased permeability

Question 20

Vasoactive amines act through _____ receptors

Answer 20

H1

Question 21

___________ activates neutrophils and is a potent eosinophil chemoattractant

Answer 21

Platelet-Activating Factor

Question 22

2 Plasma Proteases

Answer 22

Clotting Factors, Kinins

Question 23

Increase capillary permeability (a role in hyperthermia and redness) and pain

Answer 23

Kinins (bradykinin)

Question 24

Production of fibrin peptides during the final steps of the clotting process

Answer 24

Clotting Factors

Question 25

3 Phases of the Vascular Response

Answer 25

I. Vasoconstriction II. Active Vasodilation III. Passive Vasodilation

Question 26

Phase of Vascular response associated with rubor/redness and calor/heat

Answer 26

Phase II: Active Vasodilation

Question 27

Phase of Vascular Response associated with tumor/edema, dolor/pain, and functio lesa

Answer 27

Phase III: Passive Vasodilation

Question 28

Phase of Vascular Response that begins 30 seconds after injury and lasts a few minutes; not associated with any hallmark signs

Answer 28

Phase I: Vasoconstriction

Question 29

Phase of Vascular Response in which blood vessels stop reacting to nervous and humoral stimuli

Answer 29

Phase III: Passive Vasodilation

Question 30

Cellular Response is marked by the movement of ________ into the area of injury

Answer 30

leukocytes

Question 31

4 Events of the Cellular Response

Answer 31

1. Chemotaxis 2. Rolling 3. Migration 4. Phagocytosis

Question 32

Cellular Response: Leukocytes slow down and increase their expression of adhesion molecules

Answer 32

Rolling

Question 33

Cellular Response: neutrophils and macrophages engulf and degrade the bacteria and cellular debris

Answer 33

Phagocytosis

Question 34

Cellular response: movement of phagocytes into the tissue spaces

Answer 34

Migration

Question 35

Cellular response: movement of leukocytes in response to a chemical signal to the site of inflammation

Answer 35

Chemotaxis

Question 36

4 CAM Families of proteins

Answer 36

1. Selectins 2. Mucins 3. Integrins 4. Ig-superfamily CAM

Question 37

CAM: a group of heavily glycosylated, serine and threonine-rich proteins that bind to selectins

Answer 37

Mucins

Question 38

CAM: Contain immunoglobulin-like domains and fibronectin domains

Answer 38

Ig-Superfamily

Question 39

CAM: Membrane glycoproteins containing extracellular LECTIN DOMAINS that bind carbohydrate moieties found on mucin-like molecules

Answer 39

Selectins

Question 40

CAM:Heterodimeric proteins consisting of alpha and beta chains that are covalently joined at the cell surfact

Answer 40

Integrins

Question 41

Three most important selectins

Answer 41

E, P, and L

Question 42

CAM: responsible for leukocyte interaction with endothelium during the initial phase of inflammation

Answer 42

Selectins

Question 43

Deficiency in B2 integrin leads to immunodeficiency called _____________ ___________ ____________, where neutrophils are unable to extravasate

Answer 43

Leukocyte adhesion deficiency

Question 44

The process referred to as endothelial cell activation during the initiation of inflammation, cytokines and other mediators of inflammation stimulate the endothelial cells leading to increased expression of CAMs

Answer 44

Leukocyte Extravasation

Question 45

Four phases of leukocyte extravasation

Answer 45

1. Rolling 2. Activation 3. Adhesion 4. Diapedesis/Transendothelial migration

Question 46

Leukocyte Extravasation: Activation of the endothelium and leukocytes produces conformational changes in cells; integrins on leukocytes can bind firmly to the endothelium

Answer 46

Adhesion

Question 47

Leukocyte Extravasation: At the site of injury, leukocytes with the aid of their mucin CAMs loosely bind to selectin E and P on endothelial cells

Answer 47

Rolling

Question 48

Leukocytes squeeze in between two neighboring endothelial cells and pass into inflamed tissue; self-to-self binding

Answer 48

Diapedesis

Question 49

Increase in cytokine (chemokine) secretion by endothelial cells; increase in chemokin receptor expression on leukocytes

Answer 49

Activation

Question 50

Three Complement Pathways

Answer 50

1. Classical 2. Lectin 3. Alternate

Question 51

Pathway with antigen:antibody complexes

Answer 51

Classical

Question 52

Pathway with Pathogen surfaces

Answer 52

Alternative

Question 53

Pathway with lectin binding to pathogen surfaces

Answer 53

Lectin

Question 54

First line of protection (Complement Pathway)

Answer 54

Some components of the complement act as chemoattractants to recruit phagocytic cells to sites of complement activation

Question 55

Second line of protection (Complement Pathway)

Answer 55

Generation of large amounts of activated complement proteins that bind covalently to the pathogens opsonizing them for phagocytosis

Question 56

Third line of protection (Complement Pathway)

Answer 56

The final components of the complement activation kill (damage) microbes by creating pores in their membranes

Question 57

How is the classical complement activation pathway initiated?

Answer 57

Binding of C1q (first protein of cascade) to the surface of a pathogen

Question 58

How is the lectin complement activation pathway initiated?

Answer 58

Binding of carbohydrate-binding proteins to carbohydrates on the surface of pathogens

Question 59

How is the alternative complement activation pathway initiated?

Answer 59

Binding of spontaneously activated plasma C3 to pathogen surfaces