- have nucleus - linear DNA - larger(complex)

exam 1 important Flashcards by Michael Kauffman

what microbio event was most important?

discovery of yeast aka: Saccharomyces cerevisiae

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what are the 3 things on the triad of health?

host, agent, environment

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what did Semmelweis, lister, snow, and jenner do?

semmelweis- handwashing

lister-antiseptic
snow- infection control/ field of EPIDIMIOLOGY, cholera
jenner-smallpox vaccine/ field of IMMUNOLOGY

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what are the 4 processes of life?

growth, reproduction, responsiveness, metabolism

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describe prokaryotes:

no nucleus
circular DNA
Smaller(simple)

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describe eukaryotes:

have nucleus
linear DNA
larger(complex)

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what composes prokaryotes?

what composes eukaryotes?

pro- bacteria and archaea

euk- Algae, protozoa, fungi, animals, and plants

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what are glycocalyces?

Gelatinous, sticky substance surrounding outside of a cell

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name the two types of glycocalyces

which is firmly attached which is loosely attached?

capsule(firm) and slime layer (loose)

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what do bacterial cell walls do?

Provide structure and shape and protect cell from osmotic forces

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what are the types of bacterial cell walls, and what are they composed of?

Gram + and Gram - , composed of peptoglycan

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which has thick peptoglycan and appears purple?

which has thin peptoglycan and apperars red/magenta?

Gram +

- Gram -

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what is unique about Gram - bacterial cell wall?

presence of lipopolysaccharide(LPS, Endotoxin A), in the bilayer membrane

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what are reserve deposits of chemicals, Stored when nutrients are in abundance, used when nutrients are scarce?

inclusions

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what do bacteria use as defensive strategy against unfavorable conditions?

endospores

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what genus use endospores?

Bacillus and Clostridium

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what are the size of prokaryotic ribosomes and their subunits?

ribosomes-70S

subunits-30s,50s

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what are the size of eukaryotic ribosomes and their subunits?

ribosomes- 80S

subunits-40s,60s

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what is the size of mitochondria and chloroplasts ribosomes?

70s

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what are examples of active processes?

endo,phago,pino,exo – cytosis

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what does endocytosis form?

pseudopopia

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what are mycobacteria and mycoplasma classified as?

mycobacteria- gram +

mycoplasma- gram -

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what bacteria has a fried egg appearence?

mycoplasma

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how do prokaryotes reproduce?

Asexually

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what are the 3 main methods of of Asexual reproduction? which is most common?

binary fission(MC), snapping divison, budding

what are the arrangements of cocci from small to large?

diplococci, streptococci, tetrads, sarcinae, staphylococci

what are the arrangements of bacilli

bacillis, diplobacilli, streptobacilli, palisade, and V shape

what can reproduce both sexually and Asexually?

eukaryotes- Algae, fungi, and some protozoa

describe protozoa. how do they reproduce?

lack a cell wall, need moist environments,few are pathogens, great morphological diversity, - reproduce asexually only

what do all protozoa produce, what do some produce? what do some have?

- all produce trophozoites - some produce cysts - some have contractule vacuoles

what do contractuole vaccules do?

actively pump water from the cells, protect from osmotic lysis

what are Mycoses?

30% of fungi that cause diseases of plants, animals, and humans

what is the Nonreproductive body of fungi?

thallus

thalli of molds are composed of long, branched, tubular filaments are called?

hyphae

what is a tangled mass of hyphae called?

mycelium

specifically what kind of fungi cause disease?

yeast form of dimorphics(produce 2 thalli)

how do fungi reproduce?

All have some means of asexual reproduction, Most also reproduce sexually

Series of buds that remain attached to one another and to parent cell Found in Candida albicans

Pseudohypha

what is a virus?

Miniscule, acellular (no processes of life), | infectious agent having either DNA or RNA

What types of organisms are susceptible to some sort of viral attack?

ALL

what are the shapes of viruses?

complex, polyhedral, helical

What are the functions of viral envelopes?

Provides protection, host recognition, and helps viruses enter host cells

Some viral envelopes have viral glycoproteins that project, what are these?

spikes

What is the result of lytic replication?

death and lysis of the host

What are the stages of lytic replication cycle?

attachment, entry, synthesis, assembly, release

what is the viral reproduction cycle when Infected host cells grow and reproduce normally for generations before they lyse?

Lysogeny

what is the term for inactive phages?

Prophages

What is it called when phages carry genes that alter phenotype of a bacterium. (could be harmless to pathogen)

lysogenic conversion

What are animal viruses remain dormant in host cells?

Latent/proviruses

What are Proteinaceous infectious agents, lack nucleic acid?

prions

How are prions destroyed?

Incineration or Autoclaving in sodium hydroxide

Name the Spongiform encephalopathies(prion diseases)

variant Creutzfeldt Jacob Disease (vCJD), Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)

What do prion diseases form in the brain?

Large vacuoles

What causes food infections?

Consumption of living microorganisms

what causes food intoxication?

Consumption of microbial toxins,NOT the microbe

What bacterial/protozoan agent is common in soils and water and grows at fridge temp?

Listeria monocytogenes

What causes generalized diahrrhea and severe cramping the mimics appendicitis? grows at fridge temp

yerisinia enterocolitica

What virus causes acute gastroenteritis?

Norovirus

What eukaryotic parasite causes Giardiasis?

Giardia Intestinalis

What indicates fecal contamination in water?

Coliform

What are the stages of drinking water treatment?

Coagulation and flocculation, Sedimentation, Filtration, and Disinfection

what are methods of filtration? | what are methods of disinfection?

- sand filtration, membrane filtration, activated charcoal | - chlorine, ozone, UV light

What remain part of normal microbiota of a person for life?

Resident microbiota

what remains in body for few hours, days, months before disappearing?

Transcient microbiota

TQ*** What are sites that are free of any microbes and are never colonized by normal flora? What are examples of this?

- Axenic | - Alveoli of Lungs, Central Nervous System, Circulatory System, Upper Urogenital Regions, Uterus

What are normal microbiota that cause disease under certain circumstances

oppurtunistic pathogens

What are sites where pathogens live until they can infect a new host?

Reservoirs of infection

What are the 3 types of reservoirs?

Animal reservoirs Human carriers Nonliving reservoirs

What are Diseases naturally spread from animal host to humans

Zoonoses

TQ**** how many zoonoses are there and what are some common ones?

150, Malaria, Toxoplasmosis, Anthrax, Bubonic plague, Lyme disease, Rabies, Yellow fever

This is used to separate ill persons who have a communicable disease

isolation

This is used to separate and restrict the movement of well persons who may have been exposed to a communicable disease

Quarantine

The mere presence of microbes in or on the body:

Contamination

When organism evades body’s external defenses, multiplies, and becomes established in the body • MAY OR MAY NOT RESULT IN DISEASE

Infection

What are the 3 major portals of entry that pathogens enter the body?

Skin, Mucous membranes, placenta

What is the most common site of entry?

Resp. tract

What protozoan can cross placenta?

-Toxoplasma Gondii

What bacteria can pass the placenta?

- Treponema pallidum(syphillis) | - lysteria monocytogenes

What DNA viruses can pass the placenta?

- Cytomegalovirus | - Parvovirus B19

What RNA viruses can pass the placenta?

- Lentivirus(AIDS) | - Rubivirus(German measles)

What are the manifestations of disease?

symptoms, signs, syndromes

Degree of pathogenicity (how easy is it for the organism to cause disease)

Virulence

The ability of a substance to stimulate the production of antibodies or cell-mediated immune responses

Antigenicity

What are two types of Virulence Factors of Infectious Agents?

Endotoxins and exotoxins

what are the 5 stages of infectious disease?

1. incubaiton period 2. prodromal period 3. illness 4. decline 5. convalesence

exam 1 important Flashcards

(85 cards)