exam 1 important Flashcards
what microbio event was most important?
discovery of yeast aka: Saccharomyces cerevisiae
what are the 3 things on the triad of health?
host, agent, environment
what did Semmelweis, lister, snow, and jenner do?
semmelweis- handwashing
- lister-antiseptic
- snow- infection control/ field of EPIDIMIOLOGY, cholera
- jenner-smallpox vaccine/ field of IMMUNOLOGY
what are the 4 processes of life?
growth, reproduction, responsiveness, metabolism
describe prokaryotes:
- no nucleus
- circular DNA
- Smaller(simple)
describe eukaryotes:
- have nucleus
- linear DNA
- larger(complex)
what composes prokaryotes?
what composes eukaryotes?
pro- bacteria and archaea
euk- Algae, protozoa, fungi, animals, and plants
what are glycocalyces?
Gelatinous, sticky substance surrounding outside of a cell
name the two types of glycocalyces
which is firmly attached which is loosely attached?
capsule(firm) and slime layer (loose)
what do bacterial cell walls do?
Provide structure and shape and protect cell from osmotic forces
what are the types of bacterial cell walls, and what are they composed of?
Gram + and Gram - , composed of peptoglycan
which has thick peptoglycan and appears purple?
which has thin peptoglycan and apperars red/magenta?
- Gram +
- Gram -
what is unique about Gram - bacterial cell wall?
presence of lipopolysaccharide(LPS, Endotoxin A), in the bilayer membrane
what are reserve deposits of chemicals, Stored when nutrients are in abundance, used when nutrients are scarce?
inclusions
what do bacteria use as defensive strategy against unfavorable conditions?
endospores
what genus use endospores?
Bacillus and Clostridium
what are the size of prokaryotic ribosomes and their subunits?
ribosomes-70S
subunits-30s,50s
what are the size of eukaryotic ribosomes and their subunits?
ribosomes- 80S
subunits-40s,60s
what is the size of mitochondria and chloroplasts ribosomes?
70s
what are examples of active processes?
endo,phago,pino,exo – cytosis
what does endocytosis form?
pseudopopia
what are mycobacteria and mycoplasma classified as?
mycobacteria- gram +
mycoplasma- gram -
what bacteria has a fried egg appearence?
mycoplasma
how do prokaryotes reproduce?
Asexually
what are the 3 main methods of of Asexual reproduction? which is most common?
binary fission(MC), snapping divison, budding
what are the arrangements of cocci from small to large?
diplococci, streptococci, tetrads, sarcinae, staphylococci
what are the arrangements of bacilli
bacillis, diplobacilli, streptobacilli, palisade, and V shape
what can reproduce both sexually and Asexually?
eukaryotes- Algae, fungi, and some protozoa
describe protozoa. how do they reproduce?
lack a cell wall, need moist environments,few are pathogens, great morphological diversity,
- reproduce asexually only
what do all protozoa produce, what do some produce? what do some have?
- all produce trophozoites
- some produce cysts
- some have contractule vacuoles
what do contractuole vaccules do?
actively pump water from the cells, protect from osmotic lysis
what are Mycoses?
30% of fungi that cause diseases of plants, animals, and humans
what is the Nonreproductive body of fungi?
thallus
thalli of molds are composed of long, branched, tubular filaments are called?
hyphae
what is a tangled mass of hyphae called?
mycelium
specifically what kind of fungi cause disease?
yeast form of dimorphics(produce 2 thalli)
how do fungi reproduce?
All have some means of asexual reproduction, Most also reproduce sexually
Series of buds that remain attached to one another and to parent cell Found in Candida albicans
Pseudohypha
what is a virus?
Miniscule, acellular (no processes of life),
infectious agent having either DNA or RNA
What types of organisms are susceptible to some sort of viral attack?
ALL
what are the shapes of viruses?
complex, polyhedral, helical
What are the functions of viral envelopes?
Provides protection, host recognition, and helps viruses enter host cells
Some viral envelopes have viral glycoproteins that project, what are these?
spikes
What is the result of lytic replication?
death and lysis of the host
What are the stages of lytic replication cycle?
attachment, entry, synthesis, assembly, release
what is the viral reproduction cycle when Infected host cells grow and reproduce normally for generations before they lyse?
Lysogeny
what is the term for inactive phages?
Prophages
What is it called when phages carry genes that alter phenotype of a bacterium. (could be harmless to pathogen)
lysogenic conversion
What are animal viruses remain dormant in host cells?
Latent/proviruses
What are Proteinaceous infectious agents, lack nucleic acid?
prions
How are prions destroyed?
Incineration or Autoclaving in sodium hydroxide
Name the Spongiform encephalopathies(prion diseases)
variant Creutzfeldt Jacob Disease (vCJD), Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)
What do prion diseases form in the brain?
Large vacuoles
What causes food infections?
Consumption of living microorganisms
what causes food intoxication?
Consumption of microbial toxins,NOT the microbe
What bacterial/protozoan agent is common in soils and water and grows at fridge temp?
Listeria monocytogenes
What causes generalized diahrrhea and severe cramping the mimics appendicitis? grows at fridge temp
yerisinia enterocolitica
What virus causes acute gastroenteritis?
Norovirus
What eukaryotic parasite causes Giardiasis?
Giardia Intestinalis
What indicates fecal contamination in water?
Coliform
What are the stages of drinking water treatment?
Coagulation and flocculation, Sedimentation, Filtration, and Disinfection
what are methods of filtration?
what are methods of disinfection?
- sand filtration, membrane filtration, activated charcoal
- chlorine, ozone, UV light
What remain part of normal microbiota of a person for life?
Resident microbiota
what remains in body for few hours, days, months before disappearing?
Transcient microbiota
TQ*** What are sites that are free of any microbes and are never colonized by normal flora?
What are examples of this?
- Axenic
- Alveoli of Lungs, Central Nervous System, Circulatory System, Upper Urogenital Regions, Uterus
What are normal microbiota that cause disease under certain circumstances
oppurtunistic pathogens
What are sites where pathogens live until they can infect a new host?
Reservoirs of infection
What are the 3 types of reservoirs?
Animal reservoirs
Human carriers
Nonliving reservoirs
What are Diseases naturally spread from animal host to humans
Zoonoses
TQ** how many zoonoses are there and what are some common ones?
150, Malaria, Toxoplasmosis, Anthrax, Bubonic plague, Lyme disease, Rabies, Yellow fever
This is used to separate ill persons who have a communicable disease
isolation
This is used to separate and restrict the movement of well persons who may have been exposed to a communicable disease
Quarantine
The mere presence of microbes in or on the body:
Contamination
When organism evades body’s external defenses, multiplies, and becomes established in the body
• MAY OR MAY NOT RESULT IN DISEASE
Infection
What are the 3 major portals of entry that pathogens enter the body?
Skin, Mucous membranes, placenta
What is the most common site of entry?
Resp. tract
What protozoan can cross placenta?
-Toxoplasma Gondii
What bacteria can pass the placenta?
- Treponema pallidum(syphillis)
- lysteria monocytogenes
What DNA viruses can pass the placenta?
- Cytomegalovirus
- Parvovirus B19
What RNA viruses can pass the placenta?
- Lentivirus(AIDS)
- Rubivirus(German measles)
What are the manifestations of disease?
symptoms, signs, syndromes
Degree of pathogenicity (how easy is it for the organism to cause disease)
Virulence
The ability of a substance to stimulate the production of antibodies or cell-mediated immune responses
Antigenicity
What are two types of Virulence Factors of Infectious Agents?
Endotoxins and exotoxins
what are the 5 stages of infectious disease?
- incubaiton period 2. prodromal period 3. illness 4. decline 5. convalesence
