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micro exam 1 > exam 1 important > Flashcards

exam 1 important Flashcards

1
Q

what microbio event was most important?

A

discovery of yeast aka: Saccharomyces cerevisiae

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2
Q

what are the 3 things on the triad of health?

A

host, agent, environment

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3
Q

what did Semmelweis, lister, snow, and jenner do?

A

semmelweis- handwashing

  • lister-antiseptic
  • snow- infection control/ field of EPIDIMIOLOGY, cholera
  • jenner-smallpox vaccine/ field of IMMUNOLOGY
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4
Q

what are the 4 processes of life?

A

growth, reproduction, responsiveness, metabolism

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5
Q

describe prokaryotes:

A
  • no nucleus
  • circular DNA
  • Smaller(simple)
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6
Q

describe eukaryotes:

A
  • have nucleus
  • linear DNA
  • larger(complex)
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7
Q

what composes prokaryotes?

what composes eukaryotes?

A

pro- bacteria and archaea

euk- Algae, protozoa, fungi, animals, and plants

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8
Q

what are glycocalyces?

A

Gelatinous, sticky substance surrounding outside of a cell

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9
Q

name the two types of glycocalyces

which is firmly attached which is loosely attached?

A

capsule(firm) and slime layer (loose)

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10
Q

what do bacterial cell walls do?

A

Provide structure and shape and protect cell from osmotic forces

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11
Q

what are the types of bacterial cell walls, and what are they composed of?

A

Gram + and Gram - , composed of peptoglycan

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12
Q

which has thick peptoglycan and appears purple?

which has thin peptoglycan and apperars red/magenta?

A
  • Gram +

- Gram -

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13
Q

what is unique about Gram - bacterial cell wall?

A

presence of lipopolysaccharide(LPS, Endotoxin A), in the bilayer membrane

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14
Q

what are reserve deposits of chemicals, Stored when nutrients are in abundance, used when nutrients are scarce?

A

inclusions

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15
Q

what do bacteria use as defensive strategy against unfavorable conditions?

A

endospores

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16
Q

what genus use endospores?

A

Bacillus and Clostridium

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17
Q

what are the size of prokaryotic ribosomes and their subunits?

A

ribosomes-70S

subunits-30s,50s

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18
Q

what are the size of eukaryotic ribosomes and their subunits?

A

ribosomes- 80S

subunits-40s,60s

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19
Q

what is the size of mitochondria and chloroplasts ribosomes?

A

70s

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20
Q

what are examples of active processes?

A

endo,phago,pino,exo – cytosis

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21
Q

what does endocytosis form?

A

pseudopopia

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22
Q

what are mycobacteria and mycoplasma classified as?

A

mycobacteria- gram +

mycoplasma- gram -

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23
Q

what bacteria has a fried egg appearence?

A

mycoplasma

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24
Q

how do prokaryotes reproduce?

A

Asexually

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25
Q

what are the 3 main methods of of Asexual reproduction? which is most common?

A

binary fission(MC), snapping divison, budding

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26
Q

what are the arrangements of cocci from small to large?

A

diplococci, streptococci, tetrads, sarcinae, staphylococci

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27
Q

what are the arrangements of bacilli

A

bacillis, diplobacilli, streptobacilli, palisade, and V shape

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28
Q

what can reproduce both sexually and Asexually?

A

eukaryotes- Algae, fungi, and some protozoa

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29
Q

describe protozoa. how do they reproduce?

A

lack a cell wall, need moist environments,few are pathogens, great morphological diversity,

  • reproduce asexually only
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30
Q

what do all protozoa produce, what do some produce? what do some have?

A
  • all produce trophozoites
  • some produce cysts
  • some have contractule vacuoles
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31
Q

what do contractuole vaccules do?

A

actively pump water from the cells, protect from osmotic lysis

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32
Q

what are Mycoses?

A

30% of fungi that cause diseases of plants, animals, and humans

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33
Q

what is the Nonreproductive body of fungi?

A

thallus

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34
Q

thalli of molds are composed of long, branched, tubular filaments are called?

A

hyphae

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35
Q

what is a tangled mass of hyphae called?

A

mycelium

36
Q

specifically what kind of fungi cause disease?

A

yeast form of dimorphics(produce 2 thalli)

37
Q

how do fungi reproduce?

A

All have some means of asexual reproduction, Most also reproduce sexually

38
Q

Series of buds that remain attached to one another and to parent cell Found in Candida albicans

A

Pseudohypha

39
Q

what is a virus?

A

Miniscule, acellular (no processes of life),

infectious agent having either DNA or RNA

40
Q

What types of organisms are susceptible to some sort of viral attack?

A

ALL

41
Q

what are the shapes of viruses?

A

complex, polyhedral, helical

42
Q

What are the functions of viral envelopes?

A

Provides protection, host recognition, and helps viruses enter host cells

43
Q

Some viral envelopes have viral glycoproteins that project, what are these?

A

spikes

44
Q

What is the result of lytic replication?

A

death and lysis of the host

45
Q

What are the stages of lytic replication cycle?

A

attachment, entry, synthesis, assembly, release

46
Q

what is the viral reproduction cycle when Infected host cells grow and reproduce normally for generations before they lyse?

A

Lysogeny

47
Q

what is the term for inactive phages?

A

Prophages

48
Q

What is it called when phages carry genes that alter phenotype of a bacterium. (could be harmless to pathogen)

A

lysogenic conversion

49
Q

What are animal viruses remain dormant in host cells?

A

Latent/proviruses

50
Q

What are Proteinaceous infectious agents, lack nucleic acid?

A

prions

51
Q

How are prions destroyed?

A

Incineration or Autoclaving in sodium hydroxide

52
Q

Name the Spongiform encephalopathies(prion diseases)

A

variant Creutzfeldt Jacob Disease (vCJD), Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)

53
Q

What do prion diseases form in the brain?

A

Large vacuoles

54
Q

What causes food infections?

A

Consumption of living microorganisms

55
Q

what causes food intoxication?

A

Consumption of microbial toxins,NOT the microbe

56
Q

What bacterial/protozoan agent is common in soils and water and grows at fridge temp?

A

Listeria monocytogenes

57
Q

What causes generalized diahrrhea and severe cramping the mimics appendicitis? grows at fridge temp

A

yerisinia enterocolitica

58
Q

What virus causes acute gastroenteritis?

A

Norovirus

59
Q

What eukaryotic parasite causes Giardiasis?

A

Giardia Intestinalis

60
Q

What indicates fecal contamination in water?

A

Coliform

61
Q

What are the stages of drinking water treatment?

A

Coagulation and flocculation, Sedimentation, Filtration, and Disinfection

62
Q

what are methods of filtration?

what are methods of disinfection?

A
  • sand filtration, membrane filtration, activated charcoal

- chlorine, ozone, UV light

63
Q

What remain part of normal microbiota of a person for life?

A

Resident microbiota

64
Q

what remains in body for few hours, days, months before disappearing?

A

Transcient microbiota

65
Q

TQ*** What are sites that are free of any microbes and are never colonized by normal flora?

What are examples of this?

A
  • Axenic

- Alveoli of Lungs, Central Nervous System, Circulatory System, Upper Urogenital Regions, Uterus

66
Q

What are normal microbiota that cause disease under certain circumstances

A

oppurtunistic pathogens

67
Q

What are sites where pathogens live until they can infect a new host?

A

Reservoirs of infection

68
Q

What are the 3 types of reservoirs?

A

Animal reservoirs
Human carriers
Nonliving reservoirs

69
Q

What are Diseases naturally spread from animal host to humans

A

Zoonoses

70
Q

TQ** how many zoonoses are there and what are some common ones?

A

150, Malaria, Toxoplasmosis, Anthrax, Bubonic plague, Lyme disease, Rabies, Yellow fever

71
Q

This is used to separate ill persons who have a communicable disease

A

isolation

72
Q

This is used to separate and restrict the movement of well persons who may have been exposed to a communicable disease

A

Quarantine

73
Q

The mere presence of microbes in or on the body:

A

Contamination

74
Q

When organism evades body’s external defenses, multiplies, and becomes established in the body
• MAY OR MAY NOT RESULT IN DISEASE

A

Infection

75
Q

What are the 3 major portals of entry that pathogens enter the body?

A

Skin, Mucous membranes, placenta

76
Q

What is the most common site of entry?

A

Resp. tract

77
Q

What protozoan can cross placenta?

A

-Toxoplasma Gondii

78
Q

What bacteria can pass the placenta?

A
  • Treponema pallidum(syphillis)

- lysteria monocytogenes

79
Q

What DNA viruses can pass the placenta?

A
  • Cytomegalovirus

- Parvovirus B19

80
Q

What RNA viruses can pass the placenta?

A
  • Lentivirus(AIDS)

- Rubivirus(German measles)

81
Q

What are the manifestations of disease?

A

symptoms, signs, syndromes

82
Q

Degree of pathogenicity (how easy is it for the organism to cause disease)

A

Virulence

83
Q

The ability of a substance to stimulate the production of antibodies or cell-mediated immune responses

A

Antigenicity

84
Q

What are two types of Virulence Factors of Infectious Agents?

A

Endotoxins and exotoxins

85
Q

what are the 5 stages of infectious disease?

A
  1. incubaiton period 2. prodromal period 3. illness 4. decline 5. convalesence

micro exam 1 (1 decks)

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