Exam 1 IDs Flashcards
SNCC
SNCC is the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, established at the Southwide Student Leadership Conference held at Shaw University in Raleigh, NC, on April 15-17, 1960. Ella Baker of the SCLC called the conference, and she became an important advisor to the students. SNCC’s formation followed the sit-ins by several months, and it both solidified student involvement in the movement and placed students in leadership roles. The significance of SNCC is that its formation helped transform the student movement from one that emphasized small-scale protests to a sustained force that would challenge racism throughout American society.
Ella Baker
Ella Baker was a member of the SCLC, and she was the person who called the Student Leadership Conference on April 15-17, 1960, advocating for student activists to create their own aggressive organization rather than join the passive SCLC. The significance of Ella Baker is that she influenced the student activists to create a more forceful movement by using sit-ins and other small-scale protests to further the anti-segregation force in America.
Freedom Rides
The Freedom Rides…
Diane Nash
Diane Nash…
NAACP
The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) …
The NAACP is significant because it represents the most sustained assault against the edifice of racial segregation.
Greensboro
Greensboro, NC was the town where, on Feb. 1, 1960, four black college students sat at the lunch counter of a Woolworth’s and asked to be served. Even though it was not the first sit-in for the purpose of promoting desegregation, it was significant because it was initiated by black college students and would serve as a model for discontented black students in other southern black colleges. Eventually the student movement would grow in size and influence because of the Greensboro sit-in.
13th Amendment
The Thirteenth Amendment…
14th Amendment
The Fourteenth Amendment was ratified in 1868 during Congressional Reconstruction. This Amendment redefined citizenship as belonging to all persons born or naturalized in the U.S., declared the supremacy of federal law over state laws, and provided equal protection to all persons of the laws. The significance of the 14th Amendment is that…
15th Amendment
The Fifteenth Amendment was ratified in 1870. Under this Amendment, all citizens had the legal right to vote, and that right was not to be denied by the state because of race, however, this Amendment did not give women the right to vote.
Martin Luther King, Jr.
Martin Luther King, Jr. …
Media
The media…
Doll Test
The doll test…
Emmett Till Case
The Emmett Till case began in 1955 when a black teenager from Chicago visited his family in Money, Mississippi and violated one of the racial etiquette norms there and was brutally murdered by white men. His wrongful murder led his mother to publicize crime and white racism. The Emmett Till case is significant because it shocked an entire generation of African Americans and galvanized them to action against racism.
Plessy v. Ferguson
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) was the Supreme Court case that established the legal precedent for segregation laws in America. The significance of Plessy v. Ferguson is that is allowed the “separate but equal” doctrine to be seen as “equal” in the eyes of the law.
Jim Crow
Jim Crow…
Louis Redding
Louis Redding was the only black attorney in Delaware for over 25 years. He fought for desegregation in the “Parker v. University of Delaware” (1950) case, resulting in the first judicial decision to desegregate undergraduate education. …
Education
Education…
WWII
Double V Campaign: Victory at Home, Victory Abroad
Brown v. Board of Education
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954) …
Mose Wright
Mose Wright…
Montgomery Bus Boycott
The Montgomery Bus Boycott began a few days after Dec. 1, 1955, when Rosa Parks, an NAACP organizer and seamstress in Montgomery, refused to give up her seat to a white man who had boarded the bus after her. The boycott lasted 13 months and was ended after the Supreme Court ruling on Nov. 13, 1956 that declared segregation on Montgomery’s buses unconstitutional. Over a month later, black activists finally returned to the buses. The significance of the Montgomery Bus Boycott is that it …
Little Rock
Little Rock…
A. Philip Randolph
MOWM1
March on Washington
The March on Washington…
Reconstruction
Happens in two phases: presidential and then congressional
Direct Litigation
Direct litigation…
Direct Action
Direct action…
Sit-Ins
Sit-ins…
Robert Moses
Robert Moses…
Nonviolent Direct Action Protest
Nonviolent direct action protest…
Black Nationalism
Black Nationalism…
Bloody Sunday
Bloody Sunday…
SCLC
The Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)…
COFO
COFO…
Lynching
Lynching was a form of racial violence against African Americans (mainly men) that happened in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Lynching was significant because it created an atmosphere of fear designed to keep African Americans from voting and exercising economic power. It also became a way of punishing those who transgressed racial etiquette. In many ways, lynching was a violent manifestation of the inequalities of racial segregation that existed in the Jim Crow South.
Selma March
The Selma March …
Rosa Parks
Rosa Parks…
Rosa Parks was significant because her determined refusal was the spark that ignited the Montgomery Bus Boycott, which eventually led to the Nov. 13, 1956 Supreme Court ruling that segregation on Montgomery’s buses was unconstitutional.
Religion
Religion…
Grassroots Activism
Grassroots Activism…
Separate But Equal
The “separate but equal” doctrine was written into law by the Supreme Court case Plessy v. Ferguson. Under this doctrine, equality of treatment is accorded when the races are provided substantially equal facilities, even though these facilities be separate. The significance of this doctrine is in its inherent racism and unfulfilled promises. The facilities provided to African Americans were almost never of the same quality as those provided to whites, and many whites denied that they had better opportunities. Plessy v. Ferguson was overturned by Gayle v. Browder in 1956, but changes did not occur instantaneously.
Beloved Community
Bel…
Freedom Summer
The Freedom Summer…
Laws
Laws…
Court Cases
Court Cases…
MFDP
Fannie Lou Hamer
Fannie Lou Hamer
MFDP
Malcolm X
Malcolm X…
Bayard Rustin
Bayard Rustin…
Civil Rights Act of 1964
CRA…
John F. Kennedy
JFK…
Lyndon Baines Johnson
LBJ…
JoAnne Robinson
JoAnne Robinson of the Women’s Political Council …
E. D. Nixon
E. D. Nixon of the NAACP…
Gayle v. Browder
Gayle v. Browder was the Supreme Court case that overturned Plessy v. Ferguson on September 13, 1956. The result of this case was that bus segregation became illegal in Montgomery.
CORE
CORE
G. I. Bill
The G. I. Bill allowed veterans to receive quality education, health care, and housing at affordable prices. The significance of the G. I. Bill is the growth of the black middle class. …
Cold War
The Cold War revealed to the world the Segregated South as a diplomatic embarrassment…
The Great Depression
The Great Depression expanded the role of the federal government…
Franklin Delano Roosevelt
FDR…
Gaines v. Missouri
Gaines v. Missouri (1938)…
McLaurin v. Oklahoma
McLaurin v. Oklahoma (1950)…
Chief Justice Fred Vinson
Chief Justice Fred Vinson…
Parker v. University of Delaware
Parker v. University of Delaware
Bulah v. Gebhart
Bulah v. Gebhart…
Belton v. Gebhart
Belton v. Gebhart…
Attorney General H. Albert Young
Attorney General H. Albert Young…
Thurgood Marshall
Thurgood Marshall….
Slavery
Slavery…
Abraham Lincoln
Abraham Lincoln passed the Ten Percent Plan, established the Freedman’s Bureau, and stationed federal troops throughout the South all in favor of black safety. He was working on passing the 13th Amendment when he was assassinated in 1865.
Andrew Johnson
Following Lincoln’s assassination, President Andrew Johnson passed the 13th Amendment, gave pardons to most southern whites to allow them citizenship privileges again, allowed state governments to manage their own affairs and rewrite their state constitutions, and instituted laws that brought about the Black Codes in the South.
Compromise of 1877
The Compromise of 1877 marked the end of Reconstruction…
Presidential Reconstruction
Presidential Reconstruction occurred from 1865 to 1867 in America, during the final days of Abraham Lincoln’s presidency and through Andrew Johnson’s presidency. Abraham Lincoln passed the Ten Percent Plan, established the Freedman’s Bureau, and stationed federal troops throughout the South all in favor of black safety. Following Lincoln’s assassination, President Andrew Johnson passed the 13th Amendment, gave pardons to most southern whites to allow them citizenship privileges again, allowed state governments to manage their own affairs and rewrite their state constitutions, and instituted laws that brought about the Black Codes in the South. The significance of Presidential Reconstruction is that it showed how African Americans were still seen as vulnerable and needing the protection of whites.
Congressional Reconstruction
Congressional Reconstruction occurred from 1868 to 1877, and its legislative achievements include the ratification of the 14th and 15th Amendments. …
