Exam 1 ID's Flashcards
Skepticism
The healthy questioning or doubt of something that leads to some sort of development. Ex: skeptics of those who said humans would never fly created airplanes
Skepticism has existed for all of humanity, mainly in science, religion, and philosophy.
Galileo was skeptic of the way the universe works.
Organic Solidarity
Everything has a different function leading to a collective wellness, people are more individual and society is held together because of differences.
Developed by Emile Durkheim because she believed our society became more specialized and we depended on each other more.
Pre-modern version of this is mechanical solidarity, people were held together because of likeness because they had to be
Gemeinschaft
Emotion based relationships, communal, intimate.
Developed by Ferdinand Tonnies bc he wanted to study relationships in premodern and modern societies, cared about people and person relationships not society as a whole.
Modern= Gesellschaft, people enter relationships for the sake of achieving a goal.
Ex: friends bc you enjoy their company vs friends with classmate for homework help
Auguste Comte
“Father of sociology” “Great Priest of Humanity” born in France shortly after French Revolution and coined the term sociology in 1832
Created the law of three stages
Sociologists could use scientific method to gain knowledge of social world
Scientific Priesthood
Holding the value/authority of science as high as religion. No skepticism, don’t refute what is said.
Barry Barnes came up with the ten bc of Stanley milgrams experiment on obedience.
People trust teachers and professors, god of technology, trusting everything that’s seen online.
Karl Marx
Born in Germany in 1818, didn’t consider himself a sociologist-father of communism.
Agrarian mode of production: people working land and being exploited
Industrial: capitalists/factory owners vs. poor workers which created two classes:
Bourgeoisie: capitalists
Proletariat: factory workers
In a social revolution workers would overthrow capitalists and would rise to create a better society
(Economics are everything)
Also influenced society bc Max Weber learned about him and was against what Marx said
Paradigm
Perspective or framework for knowing
Functionalist:world is an orderly place-Stanley Milgram
Conflict: what matters is understanding conflict-Karl Marx
Symbolic interaction isn’t:emphasized micro level research, the way we communicate with each other are the building blocks of humanity-also Stanley Milgram
Sociologists have different paradigms they can hold and all can be true sometimes
Comes from Greek word meaning pattern or example
Modern society
Became modern bc of industrialization focus on: choice, individual rights, cities, ability to move, urbanization
Protestant Reformation: Martin Luther posted problems with the church
Enlightenment: people have god given rights
Organic solidarity: different functions for collective wellness, more individual, interdependence
Gesellschaft:’rational and calculated bonds
Industrial mode of production
Law of three stages
Developed by Comte to show progression into higher stages
Theological-metaphysical(Galileo) - positive
Social chaos would be overcome when people accepted the third stage and sociologists became experts
Positive
Stage of law of three stages by Auguste Comte
Connect to time period and scientific priesthood, industrialization
Applied science
Application of existing scientific knowledge to practical applications
W E B DuBois
American sociologist and activist, black protest leader in early 1900’s - went to Harvard.
Saw society we conflict ridden-conflict paradigm
Thought Marx overlooked race and ethnicity, less focus on economics
Settlement house
An institution in an inner city area providing educational, recreational, and other social services to the community
Goal was to bring rich and poor into physical proximity and social connectedness
1920s England and US
Implemented “social Christianity”
Hull House in Chicago- Jane Addams- conducted research on causes and consequences of poverty, sociology in US was about social reform
After ww2 people stopped volunteering and they became community centers but a lot were destroyed
Social Darwinism
English sociologist Herbert Spencer believed society was governed by the laws like the physical world and societies evolve like animals (inspired by Darwin)
Late 19th early 20th
“Survival of the fittest” social improvement only happens if people don’t get involved, no social aid or public schools
Used to justify whites over blacks, principles used by nazis
Opposite: “spurious philanthropy” aka showing support to losers
Gods
Gods give us a purpose
Came from Postman’s book in 1995
Lack of a capital g meaning gods aren’t perfect and all knowing
Gods in public schools are different for everyone but ones that are currently failing are: consumership, Economic utility, technology, multiculturalism
This is strange bc god and public schooling don’t go together
