Exam 1 - Hx of Anesthesia Flashcards
Who accommodated the operator and avoided sinking down and turning away during surgery?
Hippocrates
Who wrote the Materia Medica and was a Surgeon in Nero’s Army?
Dioscorides
What combination of plant and alcoholic beverage was used early as a hallucinogenic?
Mandragora and Wine
What is the L-Isomer of Atropine?
Hyposcyamus
What was the reversal for soporifics/sponges in the Middle Ages?
Vinegar
Who discovered/1st started using Diethyl Ether?
*What did he test it on?
*How is it made?
Valerius Cordus
*Chickens
*Sulfuric Acid and Ethyl Alcohol
What 2 people invented IV access?
*How did they create it and how did they test it?
Sir Christopher Wren and Robert Boyle
*Goose Quill and injected alcohol into a dog’s vein
Who discovered oxygen, Nitrous Oxide, and photosynthesis?
Joseph Priestly
Who discovered Potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, and suggested Nitrous Oxide be used for surgical pain control?
Humphry Davy
Who self administered Nitrous Oxide for tooth extractions and it was deemed a “humbug”
Horace Wells
Who was the Chicago surgeon that used Nitrous Oxide/Oxygen without Hypoxia/Cyanosis?
Dr. Andrews
Who used the 1st anesthesia machine with nitrous/oxygen?
Dr. Hewitt
Who discovered ether for a pt w/ 2 vascular neck tumors and continued to use whiskey?
Crawford Long
Who used ether for his own denture fitting, as it was uncomfortable?
William Morton
What year was the 1st public demonstration of ether?
1846
Who developed the process for pure ether and founded a pharmacy company?
Dr. Robinson Squibb
What are 4 disadvantages of ether?
- Flammable
- Sweet/strong odor
- Very prolonged induction
- N/V
Who was a OB doc in Scotland that used chloroform and faced religious opposition?
Sir James Simpson
Who was a full time anesthetist that used chloroform and discovered that cholera came from water?
Dr. John Snow
Who discovered that chloroform had delayed hepatotoxicity in children?
Dr. Guthrie
Who used light chloroform and adrenaline for anesthesia?
Dr. Levy
Who was the Viennese Ophthalmologist that used cocaine for eye surgery?
Dr. Koller
Who used the 1st regional nerve block with cocaine?
Dr. Halsted
Who used the 1st spinal anesthetic with cocaine and developed the Bier block?
Dr. August Bier
Who was the 1st CRNA?
Sister Mary Bernard
Who is known as the mother of anesthesia?
Alice Magaw
Who founded the AANA and opened the 1st CRNA school?
Agatha Hodgins
Which recent anesthetic was deemed to be violently explosive?
Cyclopropane
Which recent anesthetic was deemed to cause hepatitis and have a slow onset?
Halothane
Which recent anesthetic is relatively safe, quicker onset that halothane w/ less n/v
Isoflurane
Which volatile anesthetic has the most rapid onset and offset w/ a high vapor pressure?
Desflurane
Who coined the term MAC?
*What does MAC stand for?
Edmund Egar
*Minimal Alveolar Concentration
Which volatile anesthetic is unstable in soda lime and is used as an inhaled volatile anesthetic due to lack of lung irritation?
Sevoflurane
What is considered in the balanced anesthetic triad?
*4 items
Amnesia, analgesia, muscle relaxation, homeostasis
What 2 neurotransmitters are effected when we talk about amnesia?
ACh and GABA
Which surgeon has 3 deaths from 1 operation attempting to balance anesthesia?
Dr. Liston
Who used light nitrous/oxygen anesthesia with a local infiltration of procaine?
George Crile
Who used regional blocks prior to emergence from ether?
Harvey Cushing
What is Neurolept anesthesia?
*why did they discontinue this method
Using antipsychotics in attempt to sedate the pt and lower pain
*Increased awareness and extrapyramidal movements post-op
What are the 5 Phases of Anesthesia?
PIMEP
Preop, Induction, Maintenance, Emergence from Anesthesia, Postop
How long is Stage 1 of anesthesia?
beginning of induction to LOC
How long is Stage 2 of anesthesia?
LOC to onset of automatic breathing
How long is Stage 3 of anesthesia?
*What is the plane name for this stage?
Onset of automatic breathing to respiratory paralysis
*Surgical Plane
What are the 3 Planes of Stage 1 of anesthesia?
1 - no amnesia or analgesia
2 - amnestic but only partially analgesic
3 - complete analgesia and amnesia
What happens in Stage 2 of Anesthesia?
*What to avoid in this stage?
Eyelash reflex disappears, coughing, vomiting, struggling, irregular breathing
*Extubation
What are the 4 planes of Stage 3 of Anesthesia?
*Which plane is desired before administering muscle relaxants?
1 - automatic respiration to cessation of eyeball moving
2 - Cessation of eyeball moving to beginning of intercostal muscle paralysis; increased tears
3 - begin to complete of intercostal muscle paralysis, pupils dilate, desired plane prior to muscle relaxants
4 - complete intercostal paralysis to diaphragmatic paralysis (apnea)
