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HTH 450 > Exam 1- HTH 450 > Flashcards

Exam 1- HTH 450 Flashcards

1
Q

Birth Rate Calculation

A

birth in year/ mid year population
(per 1000 per year)
denominator- men and women all ages

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2
Q

fertility rate calculation

A

birth in year/ mid year population
denominator- women of reproductive age (14-44-49)
per 1000 per year

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3
Q

death rate calculation

A

death in year/ mid year population
denominator- total population at mid year
per 1000 per year

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4
Q

average annual death rate calculation

A

death during period/n/mid year population

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5
Q

natural increase

A

birth rate decrease, death rate decrease dramatically, population still rises

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6
Q

human disease

A

interaction between host, environment, agent

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7
Q

direct transmission

A

human to human, respiratory, blood, saliva

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8
Q

indirect transmission

A

through a common vehicle(contaminated water, or air supply) or vector

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9
Q

Host factors

A

age, sex, region, customs, occupation, genetic

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10
Q

types of agents

A

biologic, chemical, physical, nutritional

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11
Q

environmental factors

A

temperature, humidity, altitude, crowding, housing, water, food, radiation, air pollution

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12
Q

clinical disease

A

characterized by signs and symptoms

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13
Q

nonclinical disease

A

inapparent

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14
Q

preclinical disease

A

not clinically apparent, but destined to progress to clinical disease

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15
Q

subclinical disease

A

not clinically apparent, not destined to become clinically apparent

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16
Q

persistent (chronic disease)

A

person fails to shake off the infection; polio

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17
Q

latent disease

A

infection with no multiplication of agent (genetic message is present in the host, not viable organism)

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18
Q

carrier status

A

individual harbors organism but is not infected as measured by antibody response or evidence of clinical evidence, but can still infect others; typhoid mary

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19
Q

endemic

A

disease within given geographical area

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20
Q

epidemic

A

disease that is widespread

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21
Q

pandemic

A

outbreak of global proportions

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22
Q

incubation period

A

interval from receiving infection to time of onset of clinical illness

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23
Q

determinants of disease outbreak

A

balance between number of people in population susceptible and at risk of disease and not susceptible

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24
Q

3 critical variables for incubation period

A

when did exposure take place, when did disease begin, what was incubation period of disease

25
Q

attack rate

A

number of people at risk & illness develops/ total number of people at risk

26
Q

epi curve

A

visual display of onset of illness among cases associated with outbreak

27
Q

in epi curve, you can see– (5) things

A

distribution of cases over time, outliers, magnitude of outbreak, inferences about outbreak of pattern of spread, most likely time of exposure

28
Q

primary case

A

person who acquires disease from exposure

29
Q

secondary cases

A

person who acquires disease from exposure to primary case

30
Q

secondary attack rate

A

attack rate in susceptible people who have been exposed to primary case

31
Q

questions asked exploring case of disease

A

who, when, where

32
Q

three types of measures for morbidity

A

ratios, proportion, rate

33
Q

ratio

A

two separate and distinct quantities, neither being included in the other

34
Q

proportion

A

numerator number is included in the denominator and denominator includes entire population at risk

35
Q

rate-

A

frequency of occurrence of phenomenon, specific period of time

36
Q

prevalence

A

number with disease in population at specified time/ people in population at that time

37
Q

point prevalence

A

existing cases at specific time/ total population at midyear population

38
Q

period prevelance

A

(old + new cases) in time period/ midyear population

39
Q

incidence

A

number of NEW cases of disease that develop in population over specified time interval

40
Q

cumulative incidence

A

period of time during which all of the individuals in population are considered to be at risk for the outcome- number developed disease during time period of _ years

41
Q

incidence rate

A

denominator consists of sum of the units of time that each individual was at risk and was observed

42
Q

NEW CASES of DISEASE

A

Incidence Rate

43
Q

WITH DISEASE

A

prevalence rate

44
Q

Cumulative incidence Formula

A

number of new cases/population at risk

45
Q

Incidence Rate Formula

A

Number of new cases/ population at time

46
Q

point prevalence

A

currently have disease

47
Q

period incidence

A

have you had disease in certain time period

48
Q

cumulative index

A

ever had disease

49
Q

passive surveillance

A

available data on reportable diseases

50
Q

active surveillance

A

project staff are recruited to carry out surveillance program

51
Q

person time

A

sum of the units of time that each individual was at risk and was observed

52
Q

annual mortality rate formula

A

total number of deaths from all causes in 1 year/number of persons in population at midyear

53
Q

case fatality formula

A

individuals dying during specified period of time after disease onset or diagnosis/ # of individuals with specified disease

54
Q

Years of Potential Life Lost

A

age of death subtracted from 75

55
Q

standardized mortality ratio

A

observed number of deaths per year/ expected number of deaths per year

56
Q

direct age adjustment

A

standard population used in order to eliminate any differences in age between 2 or more populations

57
Q

indirect age adjustment

A

often used when numbers of deaths for each age specific stratum are not available

58
Q

standardized mortality ratio formula

A

observed # of deaths per year/ expected # of deaths per year

59
Q

case control study

A

identifies those with or without disease, who exposed/not exposed

HTH 450 (1 decks)

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