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HTH 450 > Exam 1- HTH 450 > Flashcards

Exam 1- HTH 450 Flashcards

1
Q

Birth Rate Calculation

A

birth in year/ mid year population
(per 1000 per year)
denominator- men and women all ages

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2
Q

fertility rate calculation

A

birth in year/ mid year population
denominator- women of reproductive age (14-44-49)
per 1000 per year

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3
Q

death rate calculation

A

death in year/ mid year population
denominator- total population at mid year
per 1000 per year

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4
Q

average annual death rate calculation

A

death during period/n/mid year population

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5
Q

natural increase

A

birth rate decrease, death rate decrease dramatically, population still rises

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6
Q

human disease

A

interaction between host, environment, agent

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7
Q

direct transmission

A

human to human, respiratory, blood, saliva

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8
Q

indirect transmission

A

through a common vehicle(contaminated water, or air supply) or vector

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9
Q

Host factors

A

age, sex, region, customs, occupation, genetic

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10
Q

types of agents

A

biologic, chemical, physical, nutritional

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11
Q

environmental factors

A

temperature, humidity, altitude, crowding, housing, water, food, radiation, air pollution

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12
Q

clinical disease

A

characterized by signs and symptoms

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13
Q

nonclinical disease

A

inapparent

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14
Q

preclinical disease

A

not clinically apparent, but destined to progress to clinical disease

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15
Q

subclinical disease

A

not clinically apparent, not destined to become clinically apparent

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16
Q

persistent (chronic disease)

A

person fails to shake off the infection; polio

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17
Q

latent disease

A

infection with no multiplication of agent (genetic message is present in the host, not viable organism)

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18
Q

carrier status

A

individual harbors organism but is not infected as measured by antibody response or evidence of clinical evidence, but can still infect others; typhoid mary

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19
Q

endemic

A

disease within given geographical area

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20
Q

epidemic

A

disease that is widespread

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21
Q

pandemic

A

outbreak of global proportions

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22
Q

incubation period

A

interval from receiving infection to time of onset of clinical illness

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23
Q

determinants of disease outbreak

A

balance between number of people in population susceptible and at risk of disease and not susceptible

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24
Q

3 critical variables for incubation period

A

when did exposure take place, when did disease begin, what was incubation period of disease

25
attack rate
number of people at risk & illness develops/ total number of people at risk
26
epi curve
visual display of onset of illness among cases associated with outbreak
27
in epi curve, you can see-- (5) things
distribution of cases over time, outliers, magnitude of outbreak, inferences about outbreak of pattern of spread, most likely time of exposure
28
primary case
person who acquires disease from exposure
29
secondary cases
person who acquires disease from exposure to primary case
30
secondary attack rate
attack rate in susceptible people who have been exposed to primary case
31
questions asked exploring case of disease
who, when, where
32
three types of measures for morbidity
ratios, proportion, rate
33
ratio
two separate and distinct quantities, neither being included in the other
34
proportion
numerator number is included in the denominator and denominator includes entire population at risk
35
rate-
frequency of occurrence of phenomenon, specific period of time
36
prevalence
number with disease in population at specified time/ people in population at that time
37
point prevalence
existing cases at specific time/ total population at midyear population
38
period prevelance
(old + new cases) in time period/ midyear population
39
incidence
number of NEW cases of disease that develop in population over specified time interval
40
cumulative incidence
period of time during which all of the individuals in population are considered to be at risk for the outcome- number developed disease during time period of _ years
41
incidence rate
denominator consists of sum of the units of time that each individual was at risk and was observed
42
NEW CASES of DISEASE
Incidence Rate
43
WITH DISEASE
prevalence rate
44
Cumulative incidence Formula
number of new cases/population at risk
45
Incidence Rate Formula
Number of new cases/ population at time
46
point prevalence
currently have disease
47
period incidence
have you had disease in certain time period
48
cumulative index
ever had disease
49
passive surveillance
available data on reportable diseases
50
active surveillance
project staff are recruited to carry out surveillance program
51
person time
sum of the units of time that each individual was at risk and was observed
52
annual mortality rate formula
total number of deaths from all causes in 1 year/number of persons in population at midyear
53
case fatality formula
individuals dying during specified period of time after disease onset or diagnosis/ # of individuals with specified disease
54
Years of Potential Life Lost
age of death subtracted from 75
55
standardized mortality ratio
observed number of deaths per year/ expected number of deaths per year
56
direct age adjustment
standard population used in order to eliminate any differences in age between 2 or more populations
57
indirect age adjustment
often used when numbers of deaths for each age specific stratum are not available
58
standardized mortality ratio formula
observed # of deaths per year/ expected # of deaths per year
59
case control study
identifies those with or without disease, who exposed/not exposed

HTH 450 (1 decks)

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