Exam #1- HORT-100 Flashcards
climate change, into to horticulture
What is a plant?
a living (or has been living at some point) organism that completes photosynthesis, grows in soil media/water, is medicine and has a structured cell wall.
What is photosynthesis?
converting light energy from the sun into chemical energy (simple sugars)
plants are autotrophs, what does this mean?
Auto= self
autotroph= self-nourishing.
plants grow via:
Apical and lateral meristems
what is a meristem
a region of actively dividing cells
Sexual reproduction of a plant?
multicellular, produce gametes via stigma ovary (egg) and anthers pollen (sperm)
describe the alternation of generations
Sporophyte 2N > (Meiosis) >Spores 1N> (Mitosis) > Gametophyte 1N > (Mitosis) > Gametes 1N egg and sperm > (fertilization) >Zygote 2N > (Mitosis) > Sporophyte 1N….
what is the purpose of a plants cell wall?
to provide support and protection
what is horticulture?
“the science and art of growing fruits, veggies, flowers or ornamental plants”
What are the two major factors of climate change?
- increased levels of CO2 and greenhouse gases.
- increased AVERAGE global temperatures.
name some of the common greenhouse gases
CO2, Nox, H2O, CH4 (methane), O3
Greenhouse gases…
accumulate in the atmosphere by absorbing heat from the sun, getting trapped, and keeping heat from escaping into space, making up the greenhouse effect.
what is the largest carbon reservoir on earth?
the ocean
Photosynthesis (?) CO2 from water or air and incorporates it into biomass
(removes)
Cellular respiration (?) Co2 into the atmosphere
(releases)
give an example of a carbon sink
a forest is typically a carbon sink, because they absorb more carbon than they release.
give an example of a carbon source
burning wood
What is a fossil fuel?
Fuel made out of fossils (coal). They contain carbon that was fixed by plants millions of years ago.
why is releasing fossil fuels a problem now?
Releasing the stored carbon, that is not in the carbon cycle anymore. We are burning things that never decayed, therefore were living in an atmosphere that we as humans have not adapted too yet.
describe positive feedback loop
as avg temperatures increase, ice in the sea melts, because the ocean is dark it absorbs more heat, causing temps to increase.
What is the big reason michigans temperatures are so moderated?
the great lakes
what is phenology?
it is timing; the development of an organism in a certain amount of time. Phenological spring= timing of spring
Give an example of “phenological mismatches”.
Plants and insects are both dependent on heat which means they are both out earlier due to climate change, birds are regulated by light so when spring comes around early, pest populations are growing while predator populations (birds) are getting smaller
what are some human influences on the carbon cycle?
Deforestation- removing carbon sinks
Burning wood- releasing carbon
Briefly describe green algae
- Unicellular, multicellular
- Marine and fresh-water
- All live in moist habitats
- First plant ancestor
Charophyceae
were the first plants to make it out of water 475 million years ago and are seen as the “greatest adaptive event in the history of life” this gave the animals who emerged something to eat.
what did plants gain by adapting out of water?
- Access to land and more sunlight
Access to carbon dioxide
what challenges did plants face when they adapted out of water?
- They had to deal with changing weather and their environment
- Had to be able to hold themselves up against
gravity - They had to find a water source/harvesting water
- Had to become defensive against predators, disease
- Substrate=something to grow on
*Reproductive structures
How did plants get out of the water?
- cuticle
- pores and stomata
- structural integrity
- reproduction with spores, pollen and seeds
describe a Cuticle.
waxy, dead and watertight (permanent lotion) without this they would lose too much water due to sunlight, wind etc…
Stomata and Pores
tiny openings used for gas exchange
All plant reproduction starts with a (?), Spores are (?) seeds.
Spore, NOT
Meiosis
makes spores, (1N)
Mitosis
builds via cell division, makes cells
Fertilization
egg + sperm = embryo
Pollonation
moving pollen (male) to the female structure.
1 Egg (1N) + 1 sperm (1N) =?
Zygote/ Embryo (2N)
name some characteristics of non-vascular plants
-Lack xylem and phloem
-no true roots, stems, or leaves
-lack seeds
spend the majority of their life as a gametophyte
-typically small, inefficient with water and nutrient transport
briefly describe Liverworts
(Hepaticophyta)
-resemble the first ever land plants, they have pores, no true roots, no stomata, are multicellular gametangia, and their sporophytes cannot be independent.
Briefly describe Hornworts
(Anthocerophyta)
they are similar to liverworts but have true stomata, the “horns” are sporophytes that grow from a meristem.
what is a Meristem?
A region of actively dividing tissue
What are some characteristics of Seedless vascular plants?
-they can grow large and transport water/nutrients efficiently
-Have a cuticle
-They spend the majority of their life as a sporophyte (2N)
-No Seeds!!
describe a Tracheid
a long and tapered lignified cell in the xylem of vascular plants, which transports water and minerals as well as provides structure to the plant.
briefly describe Club and spike- mosses (Lycopodiophyta)
They are NOT mosses, they have a branched sporophyte, they have microphyll (tiny leaves) with one vein that is arranged in a regular pattern, and they have oil bodies.
Why is it beneficial for spores to have oil bodies?
It gives the spore extra food and makes them more explosive
What is Selaginella
Peacock-moss (not a moss)(beautiful blue color)
Briefly explain Esquisetophyta
horsetails, prehistoric, their leaves are whorled around nodes and have rhizomes, they have jumping/walking spores which allows them to travel further.
briefly describe Ferns.
they are often found at the margins of two different ecosystems because they have a wide tolerance for environmental conditions, and you can make assumptions about the environment based on where ferns are growing. Gametophytes are short-lived and the sporophyte is independent
Ferns often grow as Epiphytes, what does this mean?
A plant that grows harmlessly on another plant. This allows ferns more protection and to be closer to/ have more abundance of water, also better pore distribution.
briefly describe fern reproduction
they have Sorus (2N) on the underside of the frond where spores are produced. Fern gametophytes are small simple and short-lived, and the sporophyte is independent.
what evolutionary adaptations happened from Charophyta to Liverworts?
- cuticle 2. pore 3. spores 4. multicellular gametangia
- alternation of generations 6. placental transfer tissue
- Embryo
what evolutionary adaptations happened from Liverworts to Hornworts?
- Stomata
what evolutionary adaptations happened from Hornworts and Moss to Club mosses?
- branched and independent sporophyte
- tracheids 4. lignified vascular tissue 5. Roots
what evolutionary adaptations happened from club mosses to whisk ferns?
- Megaphylls (big leaves)
What are the two special adaptations that hornworts and mosses went through
- spores have oil bodies 2. microphylls
Describe a fern gametophyte
- Small, simple, and inconspicuous
- Gametophyte is short-lived
- Sporophyte is independent
- Gametophyte is short-lived
Sustainable, Resilient, Healthy Food and Water Systems:
A food system in which all individuals have equitable access to a safe and secure supply of food and water that supports optimal health both now and in the future.
Green plants are monophyletic, what does this mean?
from a single ancestor, a single common ancestor
produced both green algae and land plants.
