Exam 1 - Hemodynamic Monitoring

Question 1

What is the expected reference range for the central venous pressure (CVP)?

Answer 1

2-6 mmHg

Question 2

What is the expected pulmonary arterial systolic pressure?

Answer 2

15-28 mmHg

Question 3

What is the expected pulmonary arterial diastolic pressure?

Answer 3

5-16 mmHg

Question 4

What is the expected pulmonary arterial wedge pressure (PAWP)?

Answer 4

6-15 mmHg

Remember: PAWPatrol - 6-15 month old

Question 5

What is the expected carbon monoxide range?

Answer 5

3-6 L/min

Question 6

What is the expected central venous oxygen saturation percentage (SVO2)?

Answer 6

60-80%

Question 7

Prior to measuring reading from a hemodynamic catheter, what position will the patient be placed in?

Answer 7

Supine - can be elevated 15-30 degrees

Question 8

Before reading, where will the transducer be placed with respect to the patient?

Answer 8

Phlebostatic axis

Question 9

What is preload?

Answer 9

The volume entering the ventricles after diastole (relaxation)

Question 10

What is afterload?

Answer 10

The resistance on the left ventricle that it must overcome to circulate blood through the body

Question 11

Elevated preload might indicate what disease processes?

Answer 11

Hypervolemia
Heart failure
Regurgitation of cardiac valves

Question 12

Increased afterload might indicate what disease processes?

Answer 12

Hypertension
Vasoconstriction

Question 13

An increase in afterload further increases what?

Answer 13

Cardiac workload

Question 14

The proximal lumen of a pulmonary artery catheter can be used for measuring CVP and infusing fluids (True / False )

Answer 14

True

The proximal lumen can be used to measure the right material pressure (CVP), infuse IV fluids, and obtain venous blood samples

Question 15

The distal lumen can be used to measure pulmonary artery pressures (PAPs) and infuse fluids (True / False)

Answer 15

False

The distal lumen can be used to measure pulmonary artery pressures such as PA systolic, PA diastolic, mean PA pressure, and PA wedge pressure. This lumen is not used for IV fluid administration

Question 16

What are the expected findings of an elevated preload measurement?

Answer 16

Crackles in lungs
Jugular vein distention
Hepatomegaly
Peripheral edema
Taut skin turgor

Question 17

What are the expected findings of a decreased preload measurement?

Answer 17

Poor skin turgor
Dry mucous membranes

Question 18

What are the expected findings of an increased afterload measurement?

Answer 18

Cool extremities
Weak peripheral pulses

Question 19

What are the expected findings of a decreased afterload measurement?

Answer 19

Warm extremities
Bounding peripheral pulses

Question 20

The semilunar valves are closed during which cardiac cycle stage?

Answer 20

Diastole (relaxation)

Question 21

During diastole, which valves are open?

Answer 21

Tricuspid
Mitral

Question 22

During rapid depolarization, which element is rushed into the cell?

Answer 22

Sodium

Question 23

During depolarization, which element is rushed out of the cell?

Answer 23

Potassium

Question 24

During repolarization, which two elements switch places to bring the cell to a resting state?

Answer 24

Sodium leaves the cell, with potassium replacing it. Sodium is positively charged on the outside of the cell, with potassium being negatively charged on the inside

Question 25

Early depolarizations of the atrium or ventricle can cause what?

Answer 25

Premature contractions

Question 26

Cardiac output is calculated by multiplying what?

Answer 26

Stroke volume by heart rate

Question 27

Stroke volume is what?

Answer 27

The amount of blood ejected from one of the ventricles per heartbeat

Question 28

What is the formula for mean arterial pressure?

Answer 28

MAP:

(systolic pressure) + (diastolic pressure X2) / 3