Exam 1 -- Genetics, fertility, infertility, & conception

Question 1

Structure of Chromosomes

Answer 1

Human has 46 chromosomes arranged in homologous (matched) chromosomes.
- 22 autosomes
- 1 sex chromosomes
o Y chromosome is primarily for sex determination
• The presence of the Y chromosome causes the embryo to develop as a male (in the absence of the Y, then the embryo develops as a female)
• XY = male
o X chromosome is involved in much more than sex determination
• XX - female

Question 2

Alleles

Answer 2

Genes at corresponding loci on homologous chromosomes are called alleles

Question 3

Homozygous

Answer 3

An individual having two copies of the same allele for a given trait

Question 4

Heterozygous

Answer 4

With 2 different alleles for a given trait

Question 5

Genotype

Answer 5

• refers to the genetic makeup of an individual when discussing a genetic gene pair;
• at times refers to individual’s entire genetic makeup or all the genes that an individual can pass on to future generations

Question 6

Phenotype

Answer 6

• refers to the observable expression of an individual’s genotype, such as physical features, a biochemical or molecular trait, and even a psychologic trait.

Question 7

Dominant

Answer 7

• a trait or disorder is considered dominant if it is expressed or phenotypically apparent when only one copy of an allele associated with the trait is present.

Question 8

Recessive

Answer 8

• a trait or disorder is considered recessive if it is expressed or phenotypically apparent when 2 copies of the alleles are present

Question 9

Karyotype

Answer 9

• the pictorial analysis of the number, form, and size of an individual’s chromosomes.

Question 10

Multifactoral disorders

Answer 10

– result of genes and environment
*** not only getting genes but can be exposed to some chemical that affects the fetus when developing…
Ex… cliff palette, or teratogens

Question 11

Calendar method or Rhythm method

Answer 11

o Only applied to regular 28 day cycle person

o 14th day is fertile

Question 12

Standard Day Method

Answer 12

For women who have longer than 28 day cycle

8 ~ 19th day – possible fertile

Question 13

Basal Body Temperature

Answer 13

Take temp every morning before getting out of bed

Temp is Deeping and Spiking

Question 14

Cervical Mucus

Answer 14

clear mucus – egg like

Libido increases – which means ovulating

Question 15

Nuva ring

Answer 15

• So sperm can not get in through
• Inserts in, remove in 3 weeks
• Not protected w/ STD’s
• Have chemicals

Question 16

IUD – IntraUterine Device

Answer 16

– inserted up til uterus
o Up to 5 yrs
o Has progesterone
o Will not have menstruation
o Need to feel the strings – to know if it is still in place
o Need to have-have child before bec it has too much cervical manipulation
o At risk for perforation – can pierce through the uteruse
o Need to be in monogamous relationship
• Bec getting an STD with IUD inside can produce scarring
o Can have irregular bleeding
o Have a chance of having ectopic pregnancy after removal

Question 17

Birth Control Pills

Answer 17

o	Contraindication:
•	Clotting issues
•	> 35 years old
•	people w/ cancer
•	hormones feed the cancer
•	liver issues
o	if missed pill – double the pill or need to have a back up plan

Question 18

Depo-Provera

Answer 18

o Progesterone only
• Responsible for supporting a pregnancy
• – good for 3 months –No period bec for 3 months
o Last up to 12 weeks
o STD is still susceptible
o may gain weight
o decreases libido – Birth control in general decreases libido but depo is number 1 !!

Question 19

Kinds of Infertility

Answer 19

o Primary – never had and will never get pregnant

o Secondary – 1st you had a child but will not get pregnant anymore

Question 20

Treatment for Infertility

Answer 20

In Vitro Fertilization – fertilization outside the body
GIFT – sperm and eggs are placed in fallopian tube to allow fertilization;
– S/E is ectopic pregnancy
Intra Uterine Insemination (IUI) – Sperm in Sterile Medium

Question 21

Gravida,para

Answer 21

gravida – # of pregnancy

para – # of living