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Veterinary Microbiology > Exam 1 for VTAH140 > Flashcards

Exam 1 for VTAH140 Flashcards

1
Q

Before the nucleus

A

Pro-

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2
Q

Mostly composed of water and other components (i.e. enzymes, essential nutrients, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids (DNA, RNA), ribosomes and waste products)

A

Cytoplasm

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3
Q

Responsible for holding all the components of the cytoplasm and it acts as a protective barrier.

A

Cell Wall

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4
Q

Consists of a double layer of phospolipids

A

Cell membrane

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5
Q

Aid in the transport of nutrients across the cell membrane -> the bacteria.

A

Structural Proteins

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6
Q

A structural polymer. Found within the cell wall.

A

Peptidoglycan

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7
Q

actual number & type of of these layers with the cell wall:

A

Differs between bacterial species

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8
Q

Contains the genetic sequence encoding all of the structural and functional components of a cell.

A

DNA

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9
Q

Generally have only one chromosome

A

Bacterial DNA

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10
Q

May contain additonal DNA

A

Plasmids

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11
Q

A circular piece of a double stranded DNA that is capable of replicating own its own, independent from the chromosome and not necessary for bacteria survival

A

Plasmids

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12
Q

Contain genes that encode for antibiotic resistance

A

Plasmids

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13
Q

Outer most protective layer made of polysaccharides

A

Capsule

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14
Q

Capsule is _______________:

A

antiphagocytic

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15
Q

The capsule of a bacteria cannot be eaten by:

A

macrophages and neutrophils

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16
Q

Bacteria having capsule makes ______

A

it harder to kill with disinfectants

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17
Q

unique feature if gram negative, found phospholipid layer of the outer membrane, and causes endotoxic shock

A

LPS

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18
Q

Generalized inflammation

A

Endotoxic Shock

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19
Q

surface appears smooth

A

Lots of LPS

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20
Q

surface appears rough

A

Little or no LPS

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21
Q

Bacteria that can assume more than one shape depending on environmental conditions

A

Pleomorphic

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22
Q

Single, Pair, Tetrad, Chain, Cluster

A

Common Bacterial Arrangements

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23
Q

Coccus, Cocobacillus, Rod (Bacillus), & Spiral (Spirochete)

A

Common Bacterial shapes

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24
Q

Some bacteria have it and is used for motility.

A

Flagella

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25
Q

single flagellum

A

Monotrichous

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26
Q

single flagellum at each end

A

Amphitrichous

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27
Q

bunches of flagella at one end

A

Lophotrichous

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28
Q

flagella all over

A

Peritrichous

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29
Q

long, hairlike structure, used to attach to colonize a surface, used for sexual reproduction, Not used for motility

A

Pili

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30
Q

tiny bristle- like structure distributed evenly over the entire surface, aid in attaching surfaces, Not used for motility

A

Fimbriae

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31
Q

Stain Blue and thick wall of peptidoglycan

A

Gram postive

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32
Q

Stain Red and Small amount of peptidoglycan

A

Gram negative

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33
Q

Some bacteria lack ______. A group that has a lipid-rich cell that contain _______ & ________. Resistant to most ______________. Group of bacteria are called _____________ genus

A

rigid cell walls; mycotic acids and complex lipids; staining dye; mycobacterium

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34
Q

Use sunlight to make food.

A

Photoautotrophs

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35
Q

Photoautotrophs examples

A

Plants and photosynthesis bactiera

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36
Q

Use inorganic substances (Ammonia and Sulfur) for food.

A

Chemoautotrophs

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37
Q

Chemoautotrophs examples

A

Extremophiles

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38
Q

Use organic substances (carbohydrates and fatty acids) for food.

A

Photoheterotrophs

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39
Q

Photoheterotrophs example

A

Heliobacteria

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40
Q

Use of chemicals that are consumed

A

Chemoheterotrophs

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41
Q

Chemoheterotrophs examples

A

Humans and Fungus

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42
Q

Bacteria reproduce ______ and need _______.

A

quickly; a lot of energy

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43
Q

Needed conditions _______, __, ________, and ________.

A

moisture, pH, temperature, and nutrients

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44
Q

Most pathogenic bacteria grow at

A

natural pH and at 37 C

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45
Q

presence of oxygen

A

Aerobic

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46
Q

absence of oxygen

A

Anaerobic

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47
Q

with or without oxygen (obtain oxygen from inorganic sulfates)

A

Facultative Anaerobic

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48
Q

low oxygen levels

A

Microaerophiles

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49
Q

requires 3% to 10% of Carbon dioxide

A

Capnophillic

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50
Q

Bacteria get energy from

A

Carbohydrates

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51
Q

Carboyhydrates are

A

Glucose, Lactose and Mannitol

52
Q

Bacteria metabolize glucose by

A

glycolysis, krebs cycle, ETC

53
Q

Glycolysis and Krebs cycle happens in the

54
Q

Electron Transport Chain (ETC) happens in the

A

plasma Membrane

55
Q

Bacteria uses _______ and _____ ____ to convert:

A

Glycolysis and Krebs Cycle to convert carbohydrates into energy to form (ATP)

56
Q

Adenosine Triphosphate is

57
Q

Is a chemical energy that is required for cells to live and without it the animal will die

58
Q

A method of asexual reproduction

A

Binary Fission

59
Q
  1. Parent cells duplicates the DNA and structures. 2. Parent cell grows. 3. Parent cell divides and the cross-wall is formed. 4. 2 identical daughter cells are formed (aka Clones)
A

Steps of Binary Fission

60
Q

a process of binary fission of an single parent bacterium and its daughter cells. continues to repeat and results in the visible appearance of a bacteria colony. If provided optimal growing environment.

A

Clonal Expansion

61
Q

What are the 4 stages of bacterial growth cycle?

A

Lag, Log, Stationary & Death Phases

62
Q

no growth/adjustment period

63
Q

Period of maximum growth/exponential growth

64
Q

limited availability of nutrients and an increase waste product concentrations

A

Stationary phase

65
Q

Growth rate is equal to

A

the death rate

66
Q

Depletion of available nutrients and increase in toxic waste products

A

Death Phase

67
Q

a grouping of bacteria with a distinct architectural structure

68
Q

Biofilm has two main parts

A

Core of bacteria and outer layer of polysaccharides

69
Q

chemical signals that control the bacteria growth within the biofilm.

A

Quorom Sensing

70
Q

resistant to phagocytosis

A

Antiphagocytic

71
Q

resistant to destruction by antibiotics

A

Antibiotic resistant

72
Q

a process where the bacteria goes through when the environmental conditions are bad and it develops an endospore

A

Sporulation

73
Q

Develop within the bacteria and contains all the contents within the cytoplasm for survival

74
Q

Bacterial examples of Endospores

A

Bacillus Anthracis (Anthrax) & Clostridium

75
Q

may occur following mutation in which a change occurs in the nucleotide sequence of a gene or recombination

A

Genetic Variation

76
Q

results from mistakes in DNA replication. Can be good or bad.

A

Spontaneous mutations

77
Q

_________________ induces an inheritable change due to the introduction of a new genetic material

A

Recombination

78
Q

1 cell extends a sex pilus out to another cell, draws it closer, gives it a copy of a plasmid

A

Conjugation

79
Q

Bacteria can scavenge naked DNA floating space, internalize it, and incorporate it into their own DNA

A

Transformation

80
Q

Bacterial DNA îs transferred from one bacterial to another inside a virus capable of infecting bacteria (bacteriophages)

A

Transduction

81
Q

the reduction of the number of pathogenic microorganisms to the point where they pose no danger of disease

A

Disinfection

82
Q

chemical agent used on inanimate object to destroy microorganisms

A

Disinfectants

83
Q

4 effectiveness of a disinfectant is dependent on:

A

Number of organisms present, pH, temperature, and concentration

84
Q

Killing or remove of all microorganisms in a material or an object.

A

Sterilization

85
Q

Chemical agent that is safe to use on living tissue to destroy microorganisms or to inhibit their growth.

A

Antiseptic

86
Q

Time is required for the product to be effective

A

Contact Time

87
Q

Level of effectiveness of a chemical antimicrobial

88
Q

Kills the bacteria

A

Bactericial

89
Q

inhibits the growth

A

Bacteriosatic

90
Q

1st requirement in to disinfection is to start with a _________

A

Clean Area

91
Q

___________ __________ i.e. of feces or dirt; protects the microbes against the antimicrobial products

A

Organic Matter

92
Q

___________ removes organic material by increasing the wetting speed and breaking the organic material into small particles

A

Detergents

93
Q

kills microorganisms by damaging cell components

A

Chemical antimicrobial agents

94
Q

Chemical antimicrobial agents damage:

A

Proteins, Membranes, and other cell components

95
Q

Bactericidal; not effective against spores or fungi

96
Q

I.e. of Alcohols

A

Disinfecting Wipes

97
Q

Bactericidal, Virucidal, Fungicidal

A

Accelerated Hydrogen Peroxides

98
Q

I.e. of Accelerated Hydrogen Peroxides

99
Q

Contains glutaraldhyde and Antimicrobial Agent

100
Q

Used in chemical Sterilization

101
Q

Contains Dimethyl benzyl ammonia chlorides (BACs) or Benzalkonium Chloride, aka QUATS, Bactericidal and not effective against spores or fungi

A

Quaternary Ammonium Compounds

102
Q

Contains Sodium hypochlorite (bleach) and its Bactricidal and Virucidal

103
Q

Contains 2% and it is Antiseptic/disinfectant - control a wide range of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi

A

Chlorhexidine

104
Q

Contains Iodine, Antiseptic/disfectant, and Antimicrobial to limit activity against bacterial spores

A

Iodine/Iodophors

105
Q

all surface of the hands, fingers, and nails are scrubbed and contact time is 20 seconds

A

Hand washing technique

106
Q

Areas commonly missed when washing hands:

A

Underneath finger nails, skin between fingers, and back of the thumb

107
Q

free from contamination with harmful microorganisms

108
Q

used to prepare for procedures under sterile conditions

A

Aseptic technique

109
Q

Set of instructions, hand washing techniques, surgical gowns and gloves, and proper handling of sterile equipment and instruments

A

Standard operating procedure (SOP)

110
Q

Methods used to sterilize

A

Heat, Radiation, Sonication

111
Q

It penetrates thick material

112
Q

Moist Heat example

A

Boiling Water

113
Q

water that is pressurized to achieve a higher boiling point

114
Q

Autoclave must maintain

A

15 psi and 121C for 15 min

115
Q

Dry Heat example

A

Open/Oven Flame

116
Q

use to sterilize metal objects and glassware

117
Q

Considered sterilized for dry heat

A

171C for 1 hour or 121C for 10-16 hours

118
Q

non-ionizing radiation example

119
Q

kills microorganisms at wavelengths of 200 nm

120
Q

Ionizing Radiation examples

A

X rays and Radioactive material

121
Q

to sterilize plastic laboratory and medical equipment

A

Ionizing Radiation

122
Q

use of ultrasonic vibrations to remove microbes from the surface of instruments

A

Sonfication

123
Q

used to clean surgical or dental instruments

A

Sonfication

124
Q

development and application of sanitary measures for the sake of cleanliness and protecting health

A

Sanitation

125
Q

any substance of material that is composed primarily of carbon

A

Organic Material

126
Q

Examples of organic Material

A

Feces, urine, soil, blood and pus

Veterinary Microbiology (1 decks)

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