Exam 1 Focused Learning Objectives Flashcards
Principles of Kines, Hip, and Knee
What is kinematics?
Describes motion without considering forces producing it.
What are the two types of kinematics motion?
Translation and Rotation.
What is the difference between active and passive motion?
Active motion is caused by muscle contraction; passive motion is caused by external forces.
What are internal forces?
Forces generated by muscles, tendons, and ligaments.
What are external forces?
Forces from gravity, resistance, or external loads.
What are the three planes of motion in osteokinematics?
Sagittal, frontal, and horizontal (transverse).
What is arthrokinematics?
Describes motion between joint surfaces.
What are the three types of joint motion in arthrokinematics?
Roll, Slide, and Spin.
What is the convex-concave rule?
Convex-on-concave: roll and slide in opposite directions. Concave-on-convex: roll and slide in the same direction.
What are open-chain movements?
Movements where the distal segment is free to move (e.g., kicking a ball).
What are closed-chain movements?
Movements where the distal segment is fixed (e.g., squats).
What is concentric muscle activation?
Muscle shortens while contracting (e.g., lifting a weight).
What is eccentric muscle activation?
Muscle lengthens while contracting (e.g., lowering a weight).
What is isometric muscle activation?
Muscle contracts without changing length (e.g., holding a plank).
What are the three types of levers?
First-class (fulcrum between load and effort)
second-class (load between fulcrum and effort)
third-class (effort between fulcrum and load).
What causes both active and passive ROM to be limited?
Causes include joint contractures, arthritis, muscle spasticity, adhesions, and structural limitations.
What causes active ROM to be limited but not passive ROM?
Causes include muscle weakness, pain, tendon rupture, neurological deficits, or psychological barriers.
What is the normal angle of inclination at the hip?
~125°.
What is coxa vara?
Angle of inclination <125°, increasing stability but adding stress to the femoral neck.
What is coxa valga?
Angle of inclination >125°, decreasing stability and increasing dislocation risk.
What is femoral anteversion?
Femoral torsion >15°, leading to in-toeing gait and increased dislocation risk.
What is femoral retroversion?
Femoral torsion <15°, leading to out-toeing gait and limited internal rotation.
What is the closed-packed position of the hip?
Full extension, slight internal rotation, and abduction.
What is the primary function of the hip abductors?
Stabilize the pelvis during single-leg stance and prevent pelvic drop.
