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Vertebrate Zoology > Exam 1 (FML) > Flashcards

Exam 1 (FML) Flashcards

1
Q

Why study vertebrates?

A
  • large and visible, “obvious” to observers
  • important human resource
  • We are essentially studying ourselves (closest to us)
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2
Q

What are the major classes of vertebrates?

A 
FISH -- Agnatha, Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes
Amphibians -- Amphibia
Reptiles -- Reptilia
Birds -- Aves
Mammals -- Mammalia
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3
Q

What is the difference between anamniotic eggs and amniotes?

A

Anamniotic eggs are fish and amphibians

Amniotes are reptiles, birds, and mammals

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4
Q

What are agnathas?

A

Jawless fish. Don’t have paired appendages

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5
Q

What are gnathostomes

A

ALL other fishes. Do have paired appendages and jaws

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6
Q

What does gnath mean?

A

jaw

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7
Q

What does stom mean?

A

mouth

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8
Q

What are Chondrichthyes?

A

Fishes with cartilaginous skeletons

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9
Q

What does -ich mean?

A

fish

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10
Q

What are osteichthyes?

A

Fishes with bony skeletons (at least one bone)

- actinopterygii, sarcopterygii, etc.

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11
Q

What are amphibia?

A

terrestrial vertebrates (caudata=salamanders, gymnophiona=caecilians)

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12
Q

What are amniotes?

A

REPTILES
BIRDS
MAMMALS
- amniotic or cleidoic = closed egg

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13
Q

What are amniotes? (through tree)

A

Sauropsids

Reptiles and birds

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14
Q

What is a testudines?

A

turtle (reptilia class)

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15
Q

What are monotremes?

A

egg-laying mammals (have hair, synapsid skull)

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16
Q

What are metatheria?

A

Marsupials

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17
Q

What are eutheria?

A

Placentals (live-bearing animals)

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18
Q

What is evolution?

A

Genetic change in a species over time

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19
Q

What is natural selection?

A

Microevolutionary change process that produces adaptive change
- results from the interaction between individuals that vary inheritable traits and their environment

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20
Q

Natural selection requires:

A
  • heritable (genetic) variation for some trait

- differential survival and reproduction associated with the possession of the trait

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21
Q

What is fitness?

A

Ability to survive and successfully reproduce

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22
Q

What is fitness measured by?

A

Measured by # of grandchildren, not children

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23
Q

What is the evidence for evolution?

A
  • fossil record
  • homology and analogy
  • biogeography
  • comparative embryology
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24
Q

What is homology?

A

the similarity in structures resulting from common ancestry

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25
Q

What are examples of homology that support evolution?

A
  • human embryo to all other species
  • cranial nerves
  • notochord = intervertebral discs
  • level of finished protein product
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26
Q

What is analogy?

A

Organs that perform the same function in different groups BUT do not show common ancestry or common plan of structure

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27
Q

What are examples of analogy?

A
  • Powered flight (insects are different from birds)
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28
Q

What is convergent evolution?

A

Evolution of different organisms or parts of organisms in such similar directions
(type of analogy)
- similar niches in their respective environments yet different parts of globe

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29
Q

What does convergent evolution indicate?

A
  • selection of a similar habitat in different evolutionary lineages could occasionally lead to functionally similar anatomically structures
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30
Q

What are vestigial structures?

A

One that is marginal if any, use to organisms in which it occurs

  • remnants of structures that served important functions in organisms ancestors
  • Arise bc organism adapts to new environment or niche; structure no longer needed or change function
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31
Q

What are examples of vestigial structures?

A

all birds have wings but not all are able to fly

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32
Q

What is the classification of vertebrates?

A

Binomial nomenclature

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33
Q

What are hierarchial categories?

A

taxons

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34
Q

What is the evolutionary lineage?

A

Clade

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35
Q

Natural groups identified on the basis of ______.

A

Derived (homologous) traits

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36
Q

What is a derived trait from an ancestor?

A

apopmorphy

foot bones of vertebrates drive from pattern found in lobe-finned fish

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37
Q

Shared derived traits (homology) = _____.

A

synapomorphies

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38
Q

Inherited ancestral traits that have remained unchanged = _____.

A

plesiomorphies

such as vertebral column inherited from ancient fish

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39
Q

The goal of clade is to be ____.

A

monophyletic

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40
Q

If you exclude a group in your clade (like birds from reptiles), you’ve created a _____.

A

paraphyletic

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41
Q

_____ is just pulling at similar characteristics

A

polyphyletic

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42
Q

Why is it important to make a tree?

A
  • see similar characteristics
  • common ancestors
  • make inferences about extinction
  • relationships between animals
  • understand critters better
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43
Q

Phylum: Chordata traits

A
  • notochord
  • pharyngeal slits
  • dorsal, hollow nerve cord
  • post-anal tail
  • endostyle / thyroid gland
44
Q

What does chordata mean?

A

all animals with a notochord

45
Q

What does craniata mean?

A

all animals with cranium

46
Q

What does agnatha mean?

A

the jawless fishes (Cyclostomes)

47
Q

What does gnathostomata mean?

A

jawed vertebrates, all but agnatha

48
Q

What are the different types of fish?

A
  • agnatha
  • osteichthyes
  • chondrichthyes
49
Q

What are tetrapoda?

A

terrestrial vertebrates

- posses paired weight bearing limbs

50
Q

What are the different types of tetrapods?

A
  • amphibia
  • reptilia
  • aves
  • mammalia
51
Q

What are amniota?

A

Possess eggs with extraembryonic membranes

52
Q

What are the types of amniota?

A
  • reptilia
  • aves
  • mammalia
53
Q

What are anamniotes?

A

all fish + amphibia

54
Q

What are endotherms?

A

birds and mammals

55
Q

What are gnathostomes?

A

jawed vertebrates

56
Q

Why are jaws so important?

A
  • can chew and eat larger food
  • increases food choices and survival
  • helps with respiration
  • can get a water flow going (suction)
  • using a jaw as a weapon
57
Q

Where do jaws come from?

A
  • Made of cartilage derived from neutral crest cells (same material as gill arches)
  • Appeared to arisen by modification of the first cartilaginous gill arches, which aid in gill support and ventilation
58
Q

Jaws are homologous to _________.

A

anterior arches in agnatha

muscles in pharynx that support gills - homologous to jaw muscles

59
Q

Gnathostomes have much _____ energy demands than agnathans.

A

HIGHER

- these muscles allow them to both pump water across the gill sand suck water into the pharynx

60
Q

What does styly mean?

A

jaw suspension

61
Q

What’s so important about hyostyly?

A

Allows for more jaw mobility

62
Q

What are hyostyly?

A

(recent sharks)

- connects via hyomandibular cartilage – only connection to skull

63
Q

What are modified hyostyly?

A

boney fishes

  • Jaws connect via hyomandibular and dermal bone
  • emergence of symplectic bone
64
Q

What are cyclostomes?

A

lamprey and fish

65
Q

What’s special about hagfish?

A

have lots of mucous glands that produce large amounts of slime in epidermis and dermis

66
Q

What are thread cells?

A

Hagfish skin glands that discharge thick cords of mucus when irritated (scattered throughout epidermis)

67
Q

What are slime glands?

A

Hagfish multicellular glands in dermis (ducts to the surface)

68
Q

What’s different about the eyes of lamprey compared to hagfishes?

A

Eyes are well developed in lamprey

69
Q

What is an ammocoetes?

A

larval lamprey

70
Q

What is the respiration like in amphioxus?

A

mostly uses cutaneous respiration, which consists of movement and cilia-lined channels that bring in water for feeding and ventilation (gill slits)

71
Q

What is the respiration like in ammocoetes?

A

same as amphioxus except current of water is produced by a muscular pump (velum)

72
Q

Water has a much (higher/lower) _________ than air

A

higher density and viscosity

73
Q

Movement in air is energetically ______.

A

expensive

74
Q

Movement of water (for ventilation) is energetically ______.

A

expensive

75
Q

Because of its density, water provides ______ as a means of structural support.

A

buoyancy

76
Q

Aquatic vertebrates can grow much ______ than terrestrial forms

A

larger

77
Q

Oxygen availability is much _______ in water than on land

A

lower. O2 is 21% of air but only 5% of water (4x more oxygen in air)

78
Q

What does it mean when people say water is an electrical conductor?

A
  • fish can use electricity to detect the presence of other animals or for offensive/defensive purposes
  • Air does not conduct electricity
79
Q

What do gill rakers do?

A
  • protection for gills against large materials
80
Q

What to gill arches do?

A
  • supports filaments

- contains body supply

81
Q

What do gill filaments do?

A
  • contain lamellae (water holds apart - can’t respire out of water)
  • Serves as respiratory surface
  • Each contain a capillary bed
82
Q

What factors affect gill efficiency?

A
  • Diffusion distance
  • Surface area
  • Concentration gradient
83
Q

What are 3 factors that affect diffusion distance?

A
  • Structure of lamellae (2 cells thick, squamous cells of lamellae and capillary)
  • Mucus (enhances ion exchange)
  • # of lamellae per filament (greater distance between lamellae = less efficient)
84
Q

How is surface area increased?

A
  • more lamellae per filament (decreases diffusion distance as well)
  • larger lamellae is found in more active marine fish
85
Q

When the concentration gradient is increased, the diffusion speed is _____.

A

increased

86
Q

How is concentration gradient maximized? (2 ways)

A
  • Rapid Ventilation

- Counter-current ventilation

87
Q

The more active a fish is, the _____.

A
  • higher O2 consumption
  • more lamella
  • larger gill area
  • larger O2 capacity
88
Q

What type of gills do lampreys have?

A

pouched gills

89
Q

What type of gills do chondrichthyes have?

A

septal gills

90
Q

What type of gills do osteichthyes have?

A

opercular gills

91
Q

What is endothermy?

A

Acquiring heat from internal (physiological) sources

92
Q

What is ectothermy?

A

Acquiring heat from exterior (environmental) sources

93
Q

What is homeothermy?

A

Maintaining “same” body temperatures despite ambient temperatures

94
Q

What is poikiothermy?

A

Body temperatures match ambient temperatures

95
Q

What are the advantages to endothermy?

A

Can survive in a wide range of conditions and habitats (such as Antarctic winters)

96
Q

What are disadvantages of endothermy?

A
  • Much have a constant food supply to drive metabolism

- Have complex control mechanisms

97
Q

What are the advantages of ectothermy?

A
  • Don’t need a constant food supply to drive metabolism

- Have simple control mechanisms

98
Q

What are the disadvantages of ectothermy?

A
  • Can not survive in as wide of a range of conditions and habitats
99
Q

What is one advantage of endothermic fish?

A

Certain active marine fish maintain elevated temps above water temperatures
- this is through thermal inertia, heat exchangers, and heater cells

100
Q

What is gigantothermy?

A

Thermal inertia due to low relative surface area (lower heat dissipation)

101
Q

What is muscular system swimming?

A
  • fish nearly 70% muscle
  • arranged into left and right myotomes (myomeres)
  • W-shaped at skin
102
Q

What are the 2 types of swimming?

A
  • Oscillatory (swim w/ fins - requires more E)

- Undulatory (pass waves over body and use body to push against water - more energy efficient)

103
Q

What is oscillatory swimming?

A
  • swim w. fins
  • paired fins or with caudal fin
  • requires more energy
  • pufferfish, boxfish, stingray
104
Q

What is Undulatory swimming?

A
  • Pass waves over the body and use the body to push against the water
  • Use alternating contractions of L and R myotomes to produce bends
  • More energy efficient
105
Q

What does undulate mean?

A

BEND

106
Q

What is the order of efficiency of undulatory swimming?

A

(least efficient to most)

  • anguilliform
  • subcarangiform
  • carangiform
  • Thunniform
107
Q

What are examples of non-swimming locomotion?

A
  • gliding (flying fish)
  • Walking on bottom (tripod fish, batfish, searobin)
  • Terrestrial (mudskippers, walking catfish)
  • mangrove killifish

Vertebrate Zoology (3 decks)

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