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Soc 5 > Exam 1 Flashcards > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

population

A

the large group of individuals to which the law of nature applies

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2
Q

sample

A

a relatively small subset of a population intended to represent the population

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3
Q

participants

A

the individuals who are measured in a sample

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4
Q

variable

A

anything about a behavior or situation that, when measured, can produce two or more different scores

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5
Q

quantitative variable

A

A variable for which scores reflect the amount of the variable that is present

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6
Q

qualitative variable

A

A variable for which scores reflect a quality or category that is present

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7
Q

relationship

A

A pattern between two variables where a change in one variable is accompanied by a consistent change in the other

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8
Q

descriptive statistics

A

Procedures for organizing and summarizing sample data

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9
Q

inferential statistics

A

Procedures for determining whether sample data accurately represent the relationship in the population

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10
Q

statistic

A

A number that describes a sample of scores; symbolized by a letter from the English alphabet

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11
Q

parameter

A

A number that describes a population of scores; symbolized by a letter from the Greek alphabet

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12
Q

design

A

The way in which a study is laid out

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13
Q

nominal scale

A

A scale in which each score is used for identification and does not indicate an amount

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14
Q

ordinal scale

A

A scale in which scores indicate rank order

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15
Q

interval scale

A

A scale in which scores measure actual amounts; but zero does not mean zero amount is present, so negative numbers are possible

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16
Q

ratio scale

A

A scale in which scores measure actual amounts and zero means no amount of the variable is present, so negative numbers are not possible

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17
Q

continuous variable

A

A variable that can be measured in fractional amounts

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18
Q

discrete variable

A

A variable that cannot be measured in fractional amounts

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19
Q

raw scores

A

the scores initially measured in a study

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20
Q

frequency

A

A variable that cannot be measured in fractional amounts

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21
Q

frequency distribution

A

A distribution showing the number of times each score occurs in the data

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22
Q

bar graph

A

A graph showing a vertical bar over each X score, but adjacent bars do not touch; used with nominal or ordinal scores

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23
Q

histogram

A

Afrequency graph similar to a bar graph but with adjacent bars touching; used with a small range of interval or ratio scores

24
Q

frequency polygon

A

Afrequency graph showing a data point above each score, with the adjacent points connected by straight lines; used with many different interval or ratio scores

25
Q

data point

A

A dot plotted on a graph to represent a pair of X and Y scores

26
Q

grouped distribution

A

Adistribution created by combining individual scores into small groups and then reporting the total frequency (or other description) of each group

27
Q

normal curve

A

The symmetrical, bell-shaped curve produced by graphing anormal distribution

28
Q

normal distribution

A

Aset of scores in which the middle score has the highest frequency and, proceeding toward higher or lower scores, the frequencies at first decrease slightly but then decrease drastically, with the highest and lowest scores having very low frequency

29
Q

tail of the distribution

A

The far-left or far-right portion of a frequency polygon containing the relatively low-frequency, extreme scores

30
Q

negative skew distribution

A

An asymmetrical distribution with lowfrequency, extreme low scores, but without corresponding low-frequency, extreme high scores; its polygon has only one pronounced tail, over the lower scores

31
Q

positive skew distribution

A

An asymmetrical distribution with lowfrequency, extreme high scores, but without corresponding low-frequency, extreme low scores; its polygon has only one pronounced tail, over the higher scores

32
Q

bimodal distribution

A

Adistribution forming a symmetrical polygon with two humps where there are relatively highfrequency scores, with center scores that have the same frequency

33
Q

relative frequency

A

The proportion of time a score occurs in a distribution

34
Q

proportion of the area under the curve

A

The proportion of the total area under the normal curve at certain scores, which represents the relative frequency of those scores

35
Q

cumulative frequency

A

The number of scores in the data that are at or below a particular score

36
Q

EX

A

sum of x

37
Q

measures of central contigency

A

Statistics that summarize the location of a distribution on a variable by indicating where the center of the distribution tends to be located

38
Q

mode

A

A score having the highest frequency in the data

39
Q

unimodal

A

A distribution whose frequency polygon has only one hump and thus has only one score qualifying as the mode

40
Q

bimodal

A

A distribution whose frequency polygon shows two humps, each centered over a score having the highest frequency, so there are two modes

41
Q

median

A

The score located at the 50th percentile

42
Q

mean

A

The score located at the mathematical center of a distribution

43
Q

x

A

The symbol used to represent the sample mean

44
Q

deviation

A

The distance a score is from the mean; indicates how much the score differs from the mean

45
Q

sum of deviations around the mean

A

The sum of all differences between the scores and the mean; symbolized by E(X-XBAR)

46
Q

line graph

A

A graph of an experiment’s results when the independent variable is an interval or ratio variable; plotted by connecting data points with straight lines; as opposed to a bar graph, used when the independent variable is a nominal or ordinal variable

47
Q

measure of variability

A

Statistics that summarize the extent to which scores in a distribution differ from one another

48
Q

range

A

The distance between the highest and lowest scores in a set of data

49
Q

sample variance

A

The average of the squared deviations of scores around the sample mean. S^2vx

50
Q

sample standard deviation

A

The square root of the sample variance; interpreted as somewhat like the “average” deviation. Svx

51
Q

population standard

A

The square root of the population variance, or the square root of the average squared deviation of scores around the population mean . omegavx

52
Q

population vaiance

A

The average squared deviation of scores around the population mean. omega^2vx

53
Q

biased estimator

A

The formula for the variance or standard deviation involving a final division by N, used to describe a sample, but that tends to underestimate the population variability

54
Q

unbiased estimator

A

The formula for the variance or standard deviation involving a final division by N- 1; calculated using sample data to estimate the population variability

55
Q

estimated population variance s^2vx

A

The unbiased estimate of the population variance calculated from sample data using N-1

56
Q

estimated popu. standard deviation

A

The unbiased estimate of the population standard deviation calculated from sample data using N- 1

Soc 5 (1 decks)

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